Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism in Medieval Islam. Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalam, Vol. I. By Richard M. Frank. Edited by Dimitri Gutas. Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum, 2005. Pp. x+392. £62.50. Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī. Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalam, Vol. II. By Richard M. Frank. Edited by Dimitri Gutas. Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum, 2007. Pp. xii+384. £62.50.

From the earliest times, the political tradition of Islam, on the one hand as formulated in Islamic theology and law, on the other hand as expressed in the accepted versions of early Islamic history, contains two distinct and in some measure even contradictory principles concerning the problems of government and obedience, of which one might be described as authoritarian and quietist, the other as radical and activist. The exponents of both these principles point to the authority of the Qur'ān and tradition, and to the example of the Prophet himself. Both principles are indeed exemplified in the career and teachings of the Prophet and in the history of the early caliphate, which constitute the shared memorv and common heritage of Muslims everywhere. These two traditions may be examined separately.

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Islamic Glass in the Making

10.11116/9789461664419 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Nadine Schibille

Keyword(s):

Glass Industry ◽

Large Scale ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Islamic Period ◽

Holistic Understanding ◽

History Of ◽

Early Islamic Period ◽

Early Islamic ◽

Plant Ash ◽

Islamic Glass

The ancient glass industry changed dramatically towards the end of the first millennium. The Roman glassmaking tradition of mineral soda glass was increasingly supplanted by the use of plant ash as the main fluxing agent at the turn of the ninth century CE. Defining primary production groups of plant ash glass has been a challenge due to the high variability of raw materials and the smaller scale of production. Islamic Glass in the Making advocates a large-scale archaeometric approach to the history of Islamic glassmaking to trace the developments in the production, trade and consumption of vitreous materials between the eighth and twelfth centuries and to separate the norm from the exception. It proposes compositional discriminants to distinguish regional production groups, and provides insights into the organisation of the glass industry and commerce during the early Islamic period. The interdisciplinary approach leads to a holistic understanding of the development of Islamic glass; assemblages from the early Islamic period in Mesopotamia, Central Asia, Egypt, Greater Syria and Iberia are evaluated, and placed in the larger geopolitical context. In doing so, this book fills a gap in the present literature and advances a large-scale approach to the history of Islamic glass.

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TEOLOGI MU’TAZILAH: Sebuah Upaya Revitalisasi

Jurnal THEOLOGIA ◽

10.21580/teo.2014.25.2.379 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 27-48

Author(s):

Safii Safii

Keyword(s):

Science And Technology ◽

Large Contribution ◽

Human Being ◽

Islamic Theology ◽

Negative Image ◽

Islamic World ◽

History Of ◽

Modern Context ◽

Freedom Of Thought

This article elaborates an important role in the history of Mu'tazila theology in the Islamic World. Services that have been provided by this school seems to be forgotten by the Muslims, even it became despised and persecuted theology. In fact, this theology has made a large contribution in defending against attacks originating from the Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Materialist. In the modern context, the spirit of this theology is relevant to be recalled that the freedom of thought as an integral part of the human being can grow and develop so that science and technology in the Islamic world can grow back. It must be recognized that this is indeed the flow had already given a negative image by traditional Islamic theology and hadith experts. Theology is imaged as a carrier of heresy

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Law and Theory: Pre-modern and Contemporary Development of Islamic Discourse on Rebellion

Journal of Mason Graduate Research ◽

10.13021/g8388b ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Tasha Solomon

Keyword(s):

Political Violence ◽

Political Movements ◽

Arab Uprisings ◽

History Of ◽

Sunni Islam ◽

Historical Discourses ◽

Contemporary Development ◽

Early Islamic ◽

Obedience To Authority

Scholars have argued that the early theoretical and historical discourses concerning concepts of rebellion and political violence within Islam, specifically Sunni Islam, developed during a time of conflict within the early Islamic Community. In their quest for stability and desire for the preservation of order, early Muslim jurists used key moments in the history of the early Community, as well as doctrinal sources, in order to construct a theoretical discourse addressing rebellion and obedience to authority. Similar to the methods of the early jurists, the construction of contemporary discourses concerning obedience and rebellion have been used by modern Islamic scholars in order to confront issues involving protesting and political violence, especially as they relate to contemporary events such as socio-political movements, dissent, and notably, the Arab Uprisings. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey of these pre-modern and contemporary discourses and how their contexts influence Islamic legal approaches.

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Pertautan Teologi dan Politik: Kajian terhadap Aliran Religio-Politik Syi’ah dan Khawarij

ULUMUNA ◽

10.20414/ujis.v13i2.361 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 255-276

Author(s):

Mustain Mustain

Keyword(s):

Political Competition ◽

Islamic Theology ◽

Political Activities ◽

Political Issues ◽

History Of ◽

The Government ◽

The Ideal

The history of emergence of sects of Islamic theology can not be separated from political issues as shown in the history of Shiite, Khawarij, Murjiah, Jabariyah, Qadariyah, Mu'tazilite, and Ash'arite. This paper tries to assess such linkage, particularly in the case of Shiite and Khawarij. The emergence of both sects was backed by sharp tribal political competition among the supporters of Ali ibn Abi Talib; both sects then showed their characteristics more as political stream (religio-political) rather than sects of theology. Although both, especially Khawarij, have important contributions in the debate concerning major sins commit which then lead to debate about broader and in-depth issues of divinity, but their political activities are more dominant than their theological thoughts. While the Shiite was preoccupied by searching for the ideal figure of priest (imam), Khawarij flow into a political insubordination movement to the government that they consider infidels.

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“Mother of the Faithful” and “Lion of Allah” in the Prophetic Tradition and Early History of the Caliphate or Why the Islamic Jama at Disintegrated?

Islam in the modern world ◽

10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-2-47-56 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 47-56

Author(s):

F. A. Asadullin

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Islamic Period ◽

Islamic Schools ◽

Regional Conflicts ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The One ◽

Early Islamic Period ◽

Early Islamic

The problem of disintegration of the Islamic Ummah a long time ago became the one of the most important for the Islamic world and worldview. The wave of violence in the Near and Middle East sharpened some regional conflicts, which have already taken place before. The paper deals with the roots of this conflict atmosphere in the Early Islamic period. As the tradition affirms, the Prophet Muhammad predicted the Ummah to split in 73 sects. Today there exist in any case not less than 73 different Islamic schools, movements and organizations, which mutually and constantly contest their doctrinal authenticity. Moreover, the activity of quasi- Islamic extremist organisations like the ISIS, which is forbidden inside as well as outside the Russian Federation, is quite remarkable. All these factors demonstrate, that from the academic point of view it is actual to critically research the nature of fragmentation and disintegration of Islamic communities through the prism of prophetic legends. This paper is to consider as an attempt to resolve this multidimensional problem.

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Notes on Ṭabarī's History

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ◽

10.1017/s1356186300003655 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lawrence I. Conrad

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Special Interest ◽

English Translation ◽

Islamic History ◽

Valuable Data ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Early Islamic

The caliphate of Hisham ibn ‘Abd al-Malik (105–25/724–43) was undoubtedly one of the most important periods in early Islamic history, and as witness to the history of this era a source of paramount importance is certainly the Ta'rīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk of al-Ṭabarī. This in itself makes the publication of Volume xxv of the English translation of this work by Dr Khalid Yahya Blankinship, covering all but the last five years of Hishām's long reign, a matter of special interest to historians of the eastern lands of Islam. The reader will immediately notice that al-Ṭabarī devotes the bulk of his narrative for this period to events in Khurāsān and Transoxania, specifically, to the Umayyad campaigns there and hostilities with the Türgish khāqān Sü-lü Čur. In the course of this narrative one finds not only a wealth of information on military matters, but also much valuable data on the customs of the western Turks and life in Central Asia in general. The author's reasons for giving his work such a markedly eastern emphasis at this point are not unrelated to a desire, as Blankinship observes, to set forth the background for the 'Abbāsid revolution. But most of what al-Ṭabarī reports for this period is in fact not of immediate relevance to the advent of the 'Abbāsids, and indeed, the subject of 'Abbāsid propaganda activities hardly seems to be a prominent one in this volume.

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