Marine Bizarrerie: The Imaginative Biology of the Underwater Frontier

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-185
Author(s):  
Margaret Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Gustave Flaubert ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Victor Hugo ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
Narrative Prose ◽  
Jules Michelet

The great variety and radical metamorphoses of aquatic life forms attracted huge fascination during the nineteenth century, in part because they defied familiar paradigms of development and progress. In this chapter, Cohen explores how writers were inspired by such marine life-cycles to try out experiments in narrative prose, focusing in particular on the influence of marine variety on the depiction of psychological experience. Starting with Charles Kingsley’s Glaucus (1855), Cohen argues that Kingsley uses the life forms of the underwater kingdom to re-energise the poetic figure of metamorphosis, which, in his treatment, depends more upon natural science than myth. Cohen then shows how Kingsley translates marine metamorphosis into narrative experiment in The Water-Babies (1862), and creates an account of psychological experience that is more hallucinatory and phantasmagorical than developmental. Cohen finally suggests that marine metamorphosis has a similar impact on other authors, including Gustave Flaubert, Victor Hugo and Jules Michelet, all of whom stress the disturbing and disruptive possibilities of a psychological prose inspired by aquatic biology.

Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century Post-Kantian Philosophy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Franks
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

This article examines three moments of the post-Kantian philosophical tradition in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Kantianism, Post-Kantian Idealism, and Neo-Kantianism. It elucidates the distinctive methods of a tradition that has never entirely disappeared and is now acknowledged once again as the source of contemporary insights. It outlines two problematics—naturalist scepticism and historicist nihilism—threatening the possibility of metaphysics. The first concerns sceptical worries about reason, emerging from attempts to extend the methods of natural science to the study of human beings. Kant’s project of a critical and transcendental analysis of reason, with its distinctive methods, should be considered a response. The second arises from the development of new methods of historical inquiry, seeming to undermine the very possibility of individual agency. Also considered are Kant’s successors’ revisions of the critical and transcendental analysis of reason, undertaken to overcome challenges confronting the original versions of Kant’s methods.

On the Bases and Possibilities of a Scientific Psychology and Classification in Mental Disease

1899 ◽  
Vol 45 (189) ◽  
pp. 257-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lloyd Andriezen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Recent Developments

Since the middle of the nineteenth century psychology has gradually come to be recognised as a branch of biological science. This is due to the influence of the works of Darwin and Herbert Spencer, of the Clinical and Neurological School of Meynert, Golgi, Cajal, Flechsig, and others, and recent developments in the Psychometric School of Fechner and Wundt on the other. The Alienistic School can render powerful aid to this movement; and though there are indications of the current in the proper direction, as shown more particularly in the work of Mercier (1) and Bevan Lewis (2), the end, however, cannot as yet be said to have been achieved, nor the movement to have become general. Psychology still lingers on the borderland of metaphysics; it has not yet been established on the firm rock of natural science. And while it thus lingers progress in knowledge is slow and restricted.

scholarly journals Opportunistic gill infection is associated with TiO2 nanoparticle-induced mortality in zebrafish

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0247859
Author(s):  
Chiao-Yi Huang ◽  
Wei-Sheng Yu ◽  
Geng-Chia Liu ◽  
Shih-Che Hung ◽  
Jen-Hsiang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Total Bacteria

The large amounts of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) that have been manufactured have inevitably been released into the ecosystem. Reports have suggested that TiO2 is a relatively inert material that has low toxicity to animals. However, as various types of NPs increasingly accumulate in the ocean, their effects on aquatic life-forms remain unclear. In this study, a zebrafish model was used to investigate TiO2NP-induced injury and mortality. We found that the treatment dosages of TiO2NP are positively associated with increased motility of zebrafish and the bacterial counts in the water. Notably, gill but not dorsal fin and caudal fin of the zebrafish displayed considerably increased bacterial load. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that gut microflora, such as phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, involving more than 95% of total bacteria counts in the NP-injured zebrafish gill samples. These results collectively suggest that opportunistic bacterial infections are associated with TiO2NP-induced mortality in zebrafish. Infections secondary to TiO2NP-induced injury could be a neglected factor determining the detrimental effects of TiO2NPs on wild fish.

The Reception of the Grimms in Nineteenth- Century France

Fabula ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Literature ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Scholarly Community ◽  
Brothers Grimm ◽  
Folklore Studies ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Jacob Grimm ◽  
Jules Michelet ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study proposes to fill a gap in Grimm and folklore studies by staking out the landscape of the reception of the Brothers Grimm in nineteenthcentury France. While E. T. A. Hoffmann’s tales received high literary acclaim, those by the Grimms seemed to make little impact on French literature of the period. However, among the French scholarly community, the Grimms were celebrated for their erudition, their integrity, and served as models for many scholars, from the historian Jules Michelet, who corresponded with Jacob Grimm in 1829, to the folklorist Emmanuel Cosquin, whose Contes populaires lorrains (1876) were inspired by the Grimms’ Kinder- und Hausmärchen. Through an analysis of prefaces to French tale collections and to translations of Grimm tales, this essay looks at the impact the reception of the Grimms had on French conceptions of regionalist folklore and on the classical French fairy-tale tradition.

The Materialism Controversy

After Hegel ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick C. Beiser
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Modern Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Materialism ◽  
Reason And Faith

This chapter examines the so-called “materialism controversy,” one of the most important intellectual disputes of the second half of the nineteenth century. The dispute began in the 1850s, and its shock waves reverberated until the end of the century. The main question posed by the materialism controversy was whether modern natural science, whose authority and prestige were now beyond question, necessarily leads to materialism. Materialism was generally understood to be the doctrine that only matter exists and that everything in nature obeys only mechanical laws. If such a doctrine were true, it seemed there could be no God, no free will, no soul, and hence no immortality. These beliefs, however, seemed vital to morality and religion. So the controversy posed a drastic dilemma: either a scientific materialism or a moral and religious “leap of faith.” It was the latest version of the old conflict between reason and faith, where now the role of reason was played by natural science.

Writing the Nation: Historians and National Identities from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Centuries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Geary
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Walter Scott ◽  
Jules Michelet

Many nineteenth-century national historians, such as Alexandre Herculano, Cesare Balbo, François Guizot, Jules Michelet and Thomas Babington Macaulay, self-consciously created the deep past of their respective nations for receptive and enthusiastic national audiences. Influenced by the novels of Walter Scott, they wrote history as biography of the nation, an account of how that nation, composed of the best of all of its social strata, had come into existence. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, novelistic and professional approaches to history bifurcated, with the former reducing the scope of historical writing to investigations of highly specialised topics that have little resonance outside of academe and with a wider public. This chapter explores alternative ways for professional historians to engage with their societies and asks about the legacy of contemporary historical writing.

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