scholarly journals Falling Through the Cracks: The Cost of the School Day for Families Living in In-work and Out-of-work Poverty

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morag Treanor
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
School Day ◽  
The Cost ◽  
School Costs

Poverty is known to deleteriously affect children's experience of, and success in, education. One facet of this relationship is the financial costs associated with full participation in education in what has become known as the ‘cost of the school day’. This paper draws on a small-scale longitudinal qualitative study of families living in poverty, drawn from a wider study called the ‘Early Warning System’, carried out in collaboration with the Child Poverty Action Group Scotland. The paper explores the experiences of parents in out-of-work and in-work poverty, and cycling between the two, in relation to school costs for their children and the effects this has on their wider financial situation. The findings show that families experiencing in-work poverty, especially those who have recently moved from receipt of out-of-work benefits, face the financial hurdle of not being entitled to passported benefits such as free school meals, school clothing grants, and initiatives such as schools’ subsidies of activities and trips. The longitudinal aspects of the study design allow the impacts that changes in entitlement to benefits have on families. The paper concludes that the costs of the school day can be unseen and not well understood by educators but keenly felt by children and families living in low-income and makes recommendations to mitigate this.

Education

Child Poverty ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Morag C. Treanor
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Parental Relationships ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Low Income Children ◽  
School Day ◽  
Attainment Gap ◽  
The Cost

Chapter five explores the importance of understanding child poverty and its relationship to children’s education. It takes a child-centred perspective to situate children in the context of their peer relationships, pupil-teacher relationships and parental relationships to explore their wellbeing and achievement at school. Education has the potential to be a vital passport for low income children, but many children are unsettled, undervalued and underachieving at school. This chapter explores the importance of education, of school social and academic life to children living in poverty, of educational transitions, of examinations and achievements, and of wellbeing, participation and inclusion at school. It looks at how school culture and the misunderstandings of teachers on the causes and consequences of poverty can present a barrier to the full participation of children living in poverty in their schooling. It also addresses the cost of a school day some of the parental factors that are suggested to influence a child’s education, such as the so-called ‘poverty of aspiration’. It concludes by looking at the policy responses of affluent societies, which aim to close the attainment gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children, and discusses why we need to flip the thinking on education for children living in poverty.

scholarly journals Nutrient-Dense Meal Delivery in Partnership with Small-Scale Producers in Mumbai Urban Slums: Implementation Considerations Within a Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 844-844
Author(s):  
Samantha Huey ◽  
Laura Hackl ◽  
Sudha Venkatramanan ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
Shobha Udipi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shelf Stable

Abstract Objectives Despite the multitude of evaluations of nutrition intervention trials in low-income settings, documented practice to operate such trials is scarce. We aimed to fill this gap by outlining key steps and resources required to run a small-scale intensive feeding trial such as establishing collaborations, developing an operational infrastructure, and daily orchestration of logistics for food preparation, delivery, and administration. Methods A randomized controlled feeding trial among 223 children in urban slums of Mumbai, India was completed in 2018. We established partnerships to facilitate the acquisition and proper storage of the study intervention, biofortified and conventional pearl millet. Feeding centers (FC) were identified based on a census. Two staff per FC managed daily operations: weighing and dispensing individual portions to participants based on their group allocation, recording of leftovers and adverse events. The study team developed and standardized recipes for all menu items. Development considered staple crop and nutrient density per serving, cost and availability of ingredients, and scalability. Highly accepted recipes were included in a cyclic menu. Hot meals were prepared in partnership with the university canteen, where a kitchen coordinator was responsible for daily quality control, aliquoting, and dispensation to contracted auto-drivers for FC delivery. A certified bakery produced customized shelf stable items in bulk. Items were vacuum packed individually, labeled, and delivered to FC directly. Shelf-life was tested periodically. Results Over 26 tons of crops were procured at a cost of 25,000 USD. The cost of preparing and delivering about 30,000 fresh meals was about 15,000 USD, while the cost of approximately 60,000 shelf stable meals was about 10,000 USD. Over 15 months, we served 91,815 meals at a cost of 0.59 USD/meal in the context of a randomized controlled feeding trial. Conclusions We highlight opportunities and challenges of developing a sustainable food supply system for an intervention trial. We also outline a sustainable model for delivery of nutrient-dense meals in partnership with small-scale producers instead of establishing a centralized kitchen to facilitate advocacy and scale up. Funding Sources HarvestPlus.

scholarly journals Cost and cost drivers associated with setting-up a prime vendor system to complement the national medicines supply chain in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e002681
Author(s):  
August Kuwawenaruwa ◽  
Kaspar Wyss ◽  
Karin Wiedenmayer ◽  
Fabrizio Tediosi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Cost Drivers ◽  
Complementary Medicines ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vendor System

IntroductionEconomic analysis of supply chain management interventions to improve the availability of healthcare commodities at healthcare facilities is important in generating evidence for decision-makers. The current study assesses the cost and cost drivers for setting-up a public-private partnership programme in Tanzania in which all public healthcare facility orders for complementary medicines are pooled at the district level, and then purchased from one contracted supplier, the prime vendor (referred to as ‘Jazia Prime Vendor System’ (Jazia PVS)).MethodsFinancial and economic costs of Jazia PVS were collected retrospectively and using the ingredients approach. The financial costs were spread over the implementation period of January 2014–July 2019. In addition, we estimated the financial rollout costs of Jazia PVS to the other 23 regions in the country over 2 years (2018–2019). A multivariate sensitivity analysis was conducted on the estimates.ResultsJazia PVS start-up and recurrent financial costs amounted to US$2 170 989.74 and US$709 302.32, respectively. The main cost drivers were costs for short-term experts, training of staff and healthcare workers and the Jazia PVS technical and board management activities. The start-up financial cost per facility was US$2819.47 and cost per capita was US$0.37.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study provides useful information on the cost and cost drivers for setting-up a complementary pharmaceutical supply system to complement an existing system in low-income settings. Despite the substantial costs incurred in the initial investment and operations of the Jazia PVS, the new framework is effective in achieving the desired purpose of improving availability of healthcare commodities.

In and out of work

Child Poverty ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Morag C. Treanor
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Parental Employment ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Low Pay

Chapter six explores the complex relationship between child poverty and families being in and out of work. It looks at the role of employment in lifting families out of poverty and how low quality, low security employment poses a threat to children and families rather than a route out of poverty. The chapter examines poverty and employment from the perspective of the child, exploring the implications for children of parental employment, unemployment, worklessness, low pay, and insecure employment. With the increase across the developed world of labour market activation, and the dominant status and values attached to employment, this chapter draws on research from children and low income working parents to highlight the challenges faced by children and families situated at the insecure, fragile end of the labour market. There are many actions by governments that interplay with employment and unemployment: in particular, this chapter looks at in-work benefits, labour market activation and welfare conditionality.

scholarly journals The Early Warning System: how frontline evidence helps us understand the UK’s social security response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Pybus ◽  
Geoff Page ◽  
Lynsey Dalton ◽  
Ruth Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Social

This article reports on the Child Poverty Action Group Early Warning System (EWS), a database of case studies representing social security issues reported directly by frontline benefits advice workers and benefit claimants. It outlines what data from the EWS can tell us about how the social security system is functioning and how it has responded during the pandemic. It further details how insights from the EWS can be used by researchers and policymakers seeking to understand the role of social security in supporting families living on a low income and in advocating for short- and longer-term policy change.

Family

Child Poverty ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Morag C. Treanor
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Poor Children

Chapter three takes a critically informed look at the role of families, and children’s position within families, in understanding child poverty and disadvantage. It looks at the role of social support and gendered relationships and examines how families are not value-free environments. Family life under conditions of disadvantage tends to be pathologised and denigrated: parents who are ‘poor’ are frequently situated as ‘poor parents’. Low income families are particularly vulnerable to categorisation as ‘troubled families’ or troublesome families (Ribbens McCarthy et al 2013). This chapter looks at the myths and realities of family life at the bottom of the income structure, how children understand, negotiate and mediate poverty in family life and their experiences and agency within the family. It also considers how wealthier families, who are held up as the benchmark of the ideal family, reinforce and perpetuate the disadvantage of poor children and families by employing their superior resources to confer (further) advantage onto their own children.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

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