The origin of the human karyotype: its uniqueness, causes and effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Abyt Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Number ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Studies

As is known, the diploid number of human chromosomes is 46, while in other higher primates, such as chimpanzees and gorillas, this number is 48. It has been established that a decrease in the number of chromosomes by two in humans is a result of the fusion of two autosomes into one chromosome in his karyotype ancestors. However, why such changes in chromosomes occurred among the highest primates in humans, their uniqueness, causes and consequences have not yet become the subject of special studies. We believe that the transition from 48 to 46 chromosomes, as well as changes in the composition, localization and amount of chromosomal heterochromatin regions in the karyotype of the ancestors of modern man turned out to be crucial in his formation as a biological species with all the ensuing consequences.

Human chromosomes, normal and aberrant

1966 ◽  
Vol 164 (995) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Number ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
The Subject

propose in this paper to give a short account of present knowledge of the human chromosomes and to deal with the subject-matter historically. From slow and certain beginnings extraordinarily rapid advances have developed in recent. The earliest systematic observations on the hum an karyotype were made de Winiwarter (1912) and he disagreed with the nineteenth-century workers, an Flemming and von Bardeleben, who had suggested 24 and 16 respectively for the diploid number. He counted 24 chromosomal objects at the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis. In the second division half the spermatocytes had and the rest had 24. He concluded that the diploid male might have 47 and the male 48 chromosomes and that there was no Y. This interpretation was accepted y Oguma & Kihara (1923) and repeated in a paper by de Winiwarter & Oguma (1926). Painter (1923), in a more extensive investigation, clearly demonstrated the complex in first meiotic divisions but he agreed that there were 23 autosomal nivalents. Most other early observers of spermatogenesis agreed with Painter’s conclusions, otably Shiwago & Andres (1932), Minouchi & Ohta (1934), King & Beams (1936), Koller (1937) and Sachs (1954). Somatic cells in mitosis were examined by Evans & Swezy (1929) and 48 chromosomes were counted, definitely including a Y. Kemp (1929), at the same time, counted chromosomes seen in cultured fibroblasts and dividing somatic cells from human embryos; his results indicated a normal number of 48 but occasionally 47.

The Natural History of Philosophy in Canada

Dialogue ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Thomas Mathien
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Study ◽  
Major Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Intellectual Discipline

Some writers about the history of philosophy in Canada have wondered why it should be studied. That is a worthy question, but it is not the one I want to discuss here. I am going to assume there are good reasons for doing so because I want to consider some general features of the subject of such studies and to determine what has to be done to establish certain descriptive claims about it. I will also point out some concerns I have about the proper explanation of certain interesting features of Canadian philosophic activity, and I will present a brief evaluation of one major study. I will do this with the aid of a contention that the study of the history of an intellectual discipline is a little like an evolutionary study of a biological species, but I will close by pointing out one reason for doing history which goes beyond description, and even explanation, of the past.

scholarly journals The English Civil Parish

1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benson Botts
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
English Nationalism ◽  
English Constitutional History ◽  
Source Of Information

English constitutional history, since the beginning of the political revolution in the seventeenth century, has been the subject of study of every civilized nation. This wide spread interest has resulted in a thorough search through English documents for every available source of information. There is however one field of English insitutuional history that has received little attention, that is the development of English vivil parish before the seventeenth century. The origin of the parish in both civil and ecclesiastical forms has recieved some notice from the older constitutional writers, and recently has been made the subject of special studies. The Elizabethan parish has been fully treated in the general works and in monographs dealing with special functions. However, no writer has attempted to trace the consecutive development of the civil parish from its origin to the heighth of its activity in the seventeenth century. This development is peculiarly important from the standpoint of the growth of English nationalism, yet is has been entirely overlooked. (1)

scholarly journals Nachman Bratslavsky and his interpretation of tsadicism as spiritual leadership in the context of Hasidic doctrine

2008 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
L.M. Moskalenko
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Population Census ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
National Values ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Studies

From the late 1990s, Hasidism in Ukraine has increasingly become a means of attracting mostly secular Ukrainian Jewry (104,000, according to the most recent All-Ukrainian Population Census), to religious and national values. Every year, Ukraine becomes a center of pilgrimage for religious Jews from all over the world. About 20,000 Bratislava Hasidim come to Uman for the grave of their spiritual leader Nachman Bratslavsky. The pilgrimage attracts the attention of the media, the public and the media. Talking about the Bratslav Hasidic, they draw attention to the external attributes of this spiritual stream, to scandals related to burial and almost nothing - to the religious and philosophical meaning of Nachman Bratslavsky's teachings, to his socio-psychological and socio-cultural phenomenon. Elements of this doctrine have not yet been the subject of special studies by Ukrainian religious scholars. Meanwhile, in the West and in Israel, the spiritual heritage of Rabbi Nachman arouses the continued interest of philosophers, historians and anthropologists, and his works are intensively published and reprinted.

Problems in the Teaching of Mathematics

1930 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 358-372
Author(s):  
J. S. Georges
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
School Mathematics ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Secondary School Mathematics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
Mathematical Literature

The Purpose Of This study is to present a systematic classification of the mathematical literature which relates to the problems in the teaching of secondary school mathematics and which has been written during the last three decades. This literature consists of a large number and variety of articles published in numerous educational and mathematical journals, a smaller number of special studies dealing with specific problems, some books on the psychology and teaching of the subject, a few books of a general nature discussing the philosophical aspects of the concepts and principles of elementary mathematics, and unpublished theses. The collection and presentation of this vast material in a connected form is a much needed, though laborious and difficult, task. Its classification will be based upon three distinct, and at the same time inter-related principles: first, that there is a real need for a summary of the problems relating to the teaching of secondary school mathematics; second, that these problems should be analyzed in the light of available literature; and third, that the sources of references dealing with each problem should be brought together.

scholarly journals Le Conseil économique du Canada et le modèle CANDIDE

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-567
Author(s):  
J. A. Dawson ◽  
N. E. Wale
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The CANDIDE model has been used by the Economic Council to examine Canada's economic potential, to analyze the effects of economic forces, and to consider the appropriateness of alternative policies in reaching economic objectives. For its Annual Reviews, the model provides an analytical basis for taking into account the interdependence of a number of phenomena, including those related to demographic trends, external economic conditions and domestic policies influencing supply and demand, and thus facilitates estimation of the potential development of the economy over the longer term. Within this context, a realizable set of medium-term objectives can then be established. These have been presented by the Council as performance indicators for the three years immediately ahead and they are subsequently used to monitor and assess economic developments. The model also is used by the Council to examine how various economic influences work their way through the Canadian economy. In its Annual Reviews, for example, the effects of alternative scenarios for energy investment and prices have been considered. In a special study of the construction industry, the model was used to trace the causes and effects of instability in this sector. Some illustrative results from each of these impact studies are provided. The model has also been employed to explore the implications of certain past and future changes in commercial policy, including separating out the impact of the Canada-United States Automobile Agreement, and in examining changes that have been taking place in labour markets. Each of these areas have been the subject of special studies carried out by the Council.

scholarly journals SOCIOLOGY OF MEANING: THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN GNOSTICISM AND ORTHODOXY AS ONTOLOGICAL PARADIGMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
VIKTOR S. LEVYTSKYY ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Systems ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The Church ◽  
Natural Ontology

The focus of this article is on the confrontation between Gnostic teachings and Christianity. This problem became the subject of special studies in various humanitarian discourses, but not so often in philosophical ones. Moreover, the struggle of Gnosticism and Orthodoxy was the struggle between two fundamentally different worldviews - the dualism, which is classical for mythological communities, characteristic of ancient thinking, and theocentric monism, which emerged from this struggle as the winner and in which the foundations of a natural ontology were laid. A philosophical analysis of this confrontation deepens the understanding of philosophical problems, which include the question of the nature of social reality, the mechanisms of its construction and maintenance. In this regard, Gnosticism and Christianity can be represented not only as competing religious systems and worldviews but also as different value-semantic universes that protect various “ontological canons”...

scholarly journals KHWAREZMIAN AND MONGOL CONQUESTS OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS IN FOREIGN HISTORIOGRAPHY: IN THE CONTEXT OF D. BAYARSAIKHAN’S RESEARCH "THE MONGOLS AND THE ARMENIANS (1220-1335)"

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Dmitry M Timokhin
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
History Of The South

The article deals with the analysis of foreign researches of Mongol and Khwarezmian conquests of the South Caucasus. The subject of study is one of the latest works on this problem – D. Bayarsaikhan’s monograph «The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)». The author of the article details historiography and source study of the book under consideration, as well as those sections, which present the description of Mongol and Khwarezmian invasion of the territory of the South Caucasus and the consequences of these conquests. Much attention is given to the section of D.Bayarsaikhan’s monograph describing the political structure of the South Caucasus at the beginning of the 13 th century and a number of earlier events. The author of the article also analyzes D. Bayarsaikhan’s position on a number of debatable problems concerning political history of the South Caucasus in the first half of the 13 th century. The author focuses on the idea of political history of the South Caucasus in the first half of the 13 th century that readers may get after their acquaintance with D. Bayarsaikhan’s book «The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)». The fact that the monograph of D. Bayarsaikhan has not been translated into Russian yet and is not well known to specialists in Russia gives special significance to this article. To date, there are not many special studies on this problem in Russian science, therefore it is extremely important to study foreign experience in this field 

Laws of Nature and Individuals

Philosophy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72
Author(s):  
Ranpal Dosanjh
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Special Sciences ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Traditional Argument ◽  
Material Systems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

AbstractIndividuals (like the Earth or a biological species) are often the subject of generalizations of various special sciences. The traditional argument is that there can't be laws about such individuals, since the law statements would have to contain local predicates (refer essentially to a particular time, place, object, or event). Marc Lange argues that, despite local predication, there can be laws about individuals. This paper argues, on the contrary, that there can be no such laws – not because of local predication, but because the laws would discriminate among material systems on non-qualitative grounds. I rely on the principle that qualitatively identical systems under one set of laws must evolve in the same manner. If there could be laws about individuals, nothing would guarantee that the principle is satisfied. My argument is illustrated by a thought experiment inspired by Strawson's massive reduplication argument.

HOLLOW CERAMICS OF THE SALTOVO-MAYAKI MONUMENTS OF CRIMEA. SOURCE BASE ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (72) (3) ◽  
pp. 44-60
Author(s):  
V.V. Maiko
Keyword(s):  
Base Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Clay Ceramics ◽  
Special Studies

The article considers the cherished gray clay ceramics of the Saltovo-Mayaki monuments of Crimea. It dates from the period of existence of this archaeological culture of the peninsula within the middle of the VIII– the first half of the X centuries. This category of dishes has repeatedly become the subject of special studies, but has not been generalized in its entirety. Based on the predominance of this dish on the Saltovo monuments left by the Alans in Taurica, it is traditionally associated with this ethnos. In the ceramic complexes of the Saltovo monuments of the peninsula, this utensils is a small percentage. Its main morphological groups were distinguished, the chronology of the existence of which does not always coincide, and it was concluded that not all categories of this ceramics can be compared with Alans.

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