AWARENESS OF ANEMIA AMONG RURAL PREGNANT WOMEN IN BAGERHAT DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

Background: Anemia in pregnancyis a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood duringpregnancyor in the period following pregnancy. It is the condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin. Anemia diminishes the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Patients with anemia may feel tired, fatigue easily, appear pale, develop palpitations, and become shortness of breath. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate about the awareness of anemia among rural pregnant women in Bagerhat district of Bangladesh Materials and Method: A sample of 29 pregnant women (PW) from a total of listed 111 women from three upazilas of Bagerhat district was considered for assessing the awareness of Anemia. Those three upazilas were taken at random first from the nine upazilas of Bagerhat district.Data on different variables were collected directly from the selected women through a prescribed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics e.g., maximum, minimum, mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, etc. of the variables together with their standard error of their estimates were considered foranalyzing sample characteristics of the study. The relationship between two nominal variables is assessed by cross tabulation with test statistics Phi and Cramers V. The bootstrapresampling method was used to understand the population parameters. Results: About86% pregnant women have no idea about anemia and also their causes. All respondents feel weakness that indicates they have the symptom of anemia. The phi andcramersV imply that the relationship between heard about anemia and the source of information is highly significant (p= 0.000). Among the awarded women in Bagerhat district, probability of getting awareness from service provider was0.917 and that from relatives was 0.083. Among the population, the probability of contribution of the service provider was0.379. Probability of unknown was 0.586 indicating much populationin Bagerhat district werenot aware about anemia. Probability of getting information of anemia from mother was zero indicating very recently service providers have started their program in Bagerhat district. Conclusion: Probability of getting information of anemia from mother is zero indicating very recently service providers have started their program in Bagerhat district. Therefore, this program should be continued until the probability of getting information from mother will be closed to 1. Recommendation: Government as well as the NGOs should continue & enhance the present awareness program in Bagerhat district.

Peculiarities of complete blood count indicators in patients with community-acquired pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic

The article presents the literature review data on the community-acquired pneumonia and the survey of patients with community-acquired pneumonia during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. There are no changes in the rate of leukocytosis detection in patients with mild course of the di­sease within 10 days of hospital stay. There is a tendency to increase the proportion of people with a normal number of leukocytes and lymphocytes from day 4–6 of hospital treatment. Significantly, leukopenia was detected in 9.3 % of patients 1–3 days after hospitalization and was not observed in the future. Lymphopenia was registered in the first 1–6 days of hospital stay and was not observed from day 7–9. Granulocytosis was detected in 27.6 % of patients on day 1–3 in the hospital and in the following days their percentage decreased significantly; at the same time, the number of people with normal range of granulocytes increased significantly. Normal platelet counts were observed in most patients (93.8 %) on day 1–3 of hospital stay, and thrombocytopenia was recorded only in 6.3 % of individuals on day 1–3 after hospitalization. In moderate-to-severe form, 24.7 % of patients had leukocytosis on day 1–3 of hospital stay, and on day 7–9 of treatment, it was detected already in 28.8 % (p > 0.05). The majority of patients (66.7 %) had normocytosis in the first three days, and leukopenia was observed in 8.7 % of people on day 1–3. Significantly, the share of detected lymphocytosis increased, and lymphopenia — decreased from 4–6 days of hospital stay. Granulocytosis was registered in 23.2 % of patients on day 1–3 of hospital stay, followed by a significant decrease in the percentage of granulocytes from days 4–6. Band neutrophils were elevated in the first three days among 51.6 % of patients, and their percen­tage significantly decreased after the fourth day. Most individuals (77.3 %) had a normal platelet count on day 1–3 in the hospital, and thrombocytopenia at this time was found in 16.7 %. The majority of patients aged 20–30 years had a normal number of leukocytes (65.5 %), and 25.5 % had leukocytosis 1–3 days after hospitalization. Lymphocytosis in the first 3 days was registered among 9 % of people and then increased significantly, lymphopenia was observed in 31 % of patients on day 1–3 and subsequently decreased, granulocytosis — in 25 % of cases, elevated levels of band neutrophils — in 43.8 %, thrombocytosis — in 7.3 %, thrombocytopenia — in 10.9 %. Among patients aged 31–40 years in the first 3 days after hospitalization, leukocytosis was registered in 28 % of cases, leukocyte count was normal in 72 %, leukopenia was not detected, 48 % of patients had lymphopenia, 15.8 % — granulocytosis, levels of band neutrophils were elevated in 65.2 %, thrombocytosis was observed in 8 % of cases, thrombocytopenia — in 8 %. Most patients (66.7 %) aged 41–50 years on day 1–3 after hospitalization had normocytosis, 19 % — leukocytosis, 14.3 % — leukopenia, 14.3 % — lymphocytosis, 38.1 % — lymphopenia, 3 (25 %) people had granulocytosis, levels of band neutrophils were elevated in 65 % of cases, thrombocytosis was detected in 4.8 %, thrombocytopenia — in 28.5 %. Among patients aged 51–60 years in the first 3 days after hospitalization, the following indicators of complete blood count were found: 16.1 % of individuals had leukocytosis, number of leukocytes was normal in 83.9 % of cases, leukopenia was not detected, lymphocytosis was found in 16.1 % of people, lymphopenia — in 22.6 %, granulocytosis — in 20 %, elevated levels of band neutrophils — in 39.3 %, thrombocytosis — in 3.2 %, thrombocytopenia — in 16.2 %. Patients older than 60 years on days 1–3 after hospitalization had the following changes: 38.8 % — leukocytosis, white blood cell count was normal in 49 % of cases, 12.2 % of people had leukopenia, 12.2 % — lymphocytosis, 51.1 % — lymphopenia, granulocytosis was not observed, 25 % had granulocytopenia, 60 % — elevated levels of band neutrophils, 8.2 % — thrombocytosis, and 18.3 % — thrombocytopenia.

Excess and deficient summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa in relation to low pressure systems

A study has been undertaken to find out different characteristics like frequency, intensity, movement, region of occurrence etc. of low pressure systems (LPS) including low, depression and cyclonic storm etc. developing over Orissa and neighbouring sea and land regions during excess and deficient monsoon rainfall months (June – September) over Orissa. The study is based on data of 20 years (1980-1999). The principal objective of this study is to find out the contribution of LPS to extreme monsoon rainfall activity over Orissa. The number of LPS days rather than frequency of formation of LPS over different regions better explain the excess and deficient rainfall over Orissa. The excess rainfall over Orissa during June is not significantly related with the number of LPS days. Significantly less than normal number of LPS days over northwest (NW) Bay of Bengal and Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) and higher number of LPS days over west central (WC) Bay off north coastal Andhra Pradesh (NCAP) cause deficient rainfall over Orissa during June. While significantly higher than normal number of LPS days over NW Bay and Orissa leads to excess rainfall during July, less than normal number of LPS days over WC Bay off NCAP is associated with excess rainfall during August. The less number of LPS days over Orissa due to less frequent movement of LPS across Orissa from the Bay of Bengal leads to deficient rainfall over Orissa during both July and August. Significantly higher/less than normal number of LPS days over NW Bay leads to excess/deficient rainfall over Orissa during September.

MATERNAL LEUKOCYTOSIS AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS IN SPONTANEOUSLY DECLARED PRETERM BIRTH

Spontaneous preterm birth is the basic problem of perinatal mortality in Bulgaria. Pregnancy is characterized by physiological leukocytosis - determined by twice increased neutrophils levels, unchanged monocyte levels, and a reduction in the levels of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. The leukocytosis is particularly pronounced in the last trimester, due to physiological stress during pregnancy, and it is a result of the increased inflammatory response, a consequence of selective immune tolerance, immunosuppression, and fetus-immunomodulation. The objective of this study was to investigate and to appreciate maternal leukocytosis as potential diagnostic markers in spontaneously declared preterm birth and term birth declared cases. Methods: The case–control study was performed in UMBAL-City Hospital, Stara Zagora during 2017–2020. The study involved 200 patients, split into two groups: G1- the healthy pregnant women, n1=100 with а registered singleton pregnancy, at gestational age 37-39+6, gave birth on the term (TB); G2- the PTB patients, n2=100, confirmed clinically by cardiotocography for gestation >32 weeks. The highly sensitive Leuko-TIC-ELISA-WBC (upper limit of the normal number of Leuc during pregnancy - 15x109 per L) test was used for investigation. Blood samples were taken by puncture of the v.cubitalis in an anticoagulant at the time of hospitalization and examined within 1 hrs. Patients with systemic chronic illness and infections were excluded from the study. The results showed statistically significant Leuc reduction in SPTB patients (14.31±2.66×109/L, p>0.03), compared to the increased (14.67±3.21×109/L) (in normal-15x109L) Leuc values in the TB group.In conclusion, the results of the Leuc value confirm the presence of a systemic leukocytosis/oxidative inflammatory reaction at the time of declaring SPTB and TB.

Features of the immunoreactivity T and B lymphocytes subpopulations and cytokine imbalance in patients with hepatosplenomegaly of different etiology

The aim was to study the mechanisms of immunological dysregulation of cytokine and immunoglobulin production, changes in the CD expression of T and B lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with hepatosplenomegaly of different etiology. Materials and methods. We examined 73 patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, and bleeding from phlebectasia. We identified three groups of patients depending on the triggering factors of cirrhosis: the first (I) group – HBV/HCV; the second (II) group – CMV/VEB; the third (III) group – hereditary enzymopathies. The study material was lymphocytes and blood serum. We used the methods of ELISA, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results. An increase in the concentration of IgA and IgM was revealed against the background of normal number of CD22+ B lymphocytes with HBV/HCV (I group), high level of IgM and their producers, B lymphocytes, with CMV/VEB (II group), in group III with hereditary enzymopathies, the concentration of all immunoglobulins was normal with an increased content of B lymphocytes. Multidirectional changes in the content of cytokines were revealed: in group I the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and in group II – pro-inflammatory IL-1β, INF-γ, TNF-α dominated; in group III the concentration of IL-6 and vascular growth factor (VEGF) was maximally increased. The number of activated CD3+CD4+CD25+ T cells was reduced in groups I and II – by 2.3 and 2.0 times respectively, in group III – increased by 1.2 times. The number of regulatory T lymphocytes CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127neg was reduced by half in I and II groups. Expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD3+CD4+CD28+ was low in all groups and the maximum decrease was in group III. In patients with HCV/HBV, an increase in the expression of the late activation marker of lymphocytes CD3+HLA-DR+ by an average of 63 % was noted. Conclusions. The revealed immune disorders in hepatosplenomegaly of different etiology are characterized by multidirectional changes. Approaches to the treatment of these patients should be complex, taking into account the trigger factors that cause dysregulation of immune responses, which leads to further destruction, and focuses at remodeling target organs.

A SINGLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL ON EFFECTIVENESS OF RUBIA TINCTORUM Q IN ANAEMIA AMONG COLLEGE GOING FEMALE STUDENTS OF SEMI URBAN AREAS IN SANGAREDDY

Anaemia is a condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin. Anaemia diminishes the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Patients with anaemia may feel tired, fatigue easily, appear pale, develop palpitations,and become short of breath.Rubia tinctorum mother tincture is a homeopathic mother tincture that is indicated for the treatment of anaemia and undernourished conditions. Rubia tinctorum mother tincture, has been found to be effective in treating anaemia, kidney and bladder calculi.This project, help to know the efficacy of Rubia tinctorum mother tincture in treating anaemia.

A Potential Method for Rapid Screening of Amphioxus Founder Harboring Germline Mutation and Transgene

Amphioxus is a promising model organism for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrates due to its basal phylogenetic position among chordates. We here compared the mutation efficacy and mutation type of tail tips and gametes of amphioxus founders injected with Cas9 protein and six different sgRNAs targeting five distinct genes, and revealed a strong correlation for mutation efficacy and a mild correlation for mutation type among the two tissues. In addition, we also observed a positive relationship between gene insertions observed in tail tips and gametes of amphioxus founders injected with Tol2 transposase and two different transgenic constructs. Finally, we showed that amphioxus larvae which had their tail tips cut at the 3–4 gill-slit stage were able to recover within 6 days and developed a normal number of gonads at the adult stage, and that F0 larvae carry similar mutation efficacy and type in the posterior end to that in the tail tips after their metamorphosis. Together, these findings suggest a great potential for obtaining valid amphioxus founders with desired mutations and transgenes at as early as the early larval stage, which will certainly speed up the generation of amphioxus mutants and transgenes and make it more cost- and labor-effective.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Primary Safety Evaluation of Indo5, a Novel Selective Inhibitor of c-Met and Trks

The compound [3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-methylene)-5-(2-methylphenylaminosulfo)-2-indolone], known as Indo5, is a novel selective inhibitor of c-Met and Trks, and it is a promising anticancer candidate against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Assessing the pharmacokinetic properties, tissue distribution, and toxicity of Indo5 is critical for its medicinal evaluation. A series of sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed and validated to determine the concentration of Indo5 in rat plasma and tissue homogenates. These methods were then applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Indo5 in rats. After intravenous injection of Indo5, the maximum concentration (Cmax) and the time at which Cmax was reached (Tmax) were 1,565.3 ± 286.2 ng/ml and 1 min, respectively. After oral administration, Cmax and Tmax were 54.7 ± 10.4 ng/ml and 2.0 ± 0.48 h, respectively. We calculated the absolute oral bioavailability of Indo5 in rats to be 1.59%. Following intravenous injection, the concentrations of Indo5 in various tissues showed the following order: liver > kidney ≈ heart > lung ≈ large intestine ≈ small intestine ≈ stomach > spleen > brain ≈ testes; hence, Indo5 distributed highest in the liver and could not cross the blood–brain or blood–testes barriers. Continuous injection of Indo5 for 21 days did not lead to liver injury, considering unchanged ALT and AST levels, normal histological architecture of the liver, and normal number and frequencies of immune cells in the liver, indicating a very low toxicity of Indo5 in vivo. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the biological actions of Indo5 in vivo and further support its development as an antitumor treatment for HCC patients.