scholarly journals CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, OBESITY AND SOCIAL COSTS. THE CASE OF ITALY

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Mancini ◽  
Giuseppe Marotta ◽  
Concetta Nazzaro ◽  
Biagio Simonetti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Care Costs

This study analyses the social impact of obesity, focusing on the direct costs and, in particular,on the health-care expenditure. Using different socio-demographic variables and through theuse of Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Partial Least Squares Regression, the analysis: i)confirms the increase of the incidence of overweight and obesity when moving from Northernto Southern Italy; ii) identifies the main variables related to the growth of obesity; iii) highlightsa positive relationship between BMI and health-care costs and an incidence of 6% on theregional health-care costs. These findings confirm the need to define suitable guidelines fordecision makers and practitioners and to introduce mandatory regulations forcing companiesto effectuate product reformulation and achieve food safety. Indeed, asymmetric informationand consumer behaviour make investing in product reformulation undesirable for companiesbecause the use of attractive brands is more effective in influencing the purchasing decisionseven of a conscious consumer. Uninformed consumers often cling to the national brands,which sometimes, behind an image of familiarity and identity, may hide harmful ingredients(hydrogenated fats) or excessive quantities of certain ingredients (sugar, salt, saturatedfat) responsible for an unbalanced diet. Therefore, this justifies the introduction of bindingregulations.Keywords: Consumer Behaviour; Obesity; Social Costs; Health-Care Expenditure; MultivariateModel.

scholarly journals Burden of health behaviours and socioeconomic position on health care expenditure in Ontario

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Manuel ◽  
Carol Bennett ◽  
Richard Perez ◽  
Andrew S. Wilton ◽  
Adrian Rohit Dass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Care Costs

Background: Smoking, unhealthy alcohol consumption, poor diet and physical inactivity are leading risk factors for morbidity and mortality, and contribute substantially to overall healthcare costs. The availability of health surveys linked to health care provides population-based estimates of direct healthcare costs. We estimated health behaviour and socioeconomic-attribute healthcare costs, and how these have changed during a period when government policies have aimed to reduce their burden.  Methods: The Ontario samples of the Canadian Community Health Surveys (conducted in 2003, 2005, and 2007-2008) were linked at the individual level to all records of health care use of publicly funded healthcare. Generalized linear models were estimated with a negative binomial distribution to ascertain the relationship of health behaviours and socioeconomic risk factors on health care costs. The multivariable cost model was applied to unlinked, Ontario CCHS samples for each year from 2004 to 2013 to examine the evolution of health behaviour and socioeconomic-attributable direct health care expenditures over a 10-year period. Results: We included 80,749 respondents, aged 25 years and older, and 312,952 person-years of follow-up. The cost model was applied to 200,324 respondents aged 25 years and older (CCHS 2004 to 2013). During the 10-year period from 2004 to 2013, smoking, unhealthy alcohol consumption, poor diet and physical inactivity attributed to 22% of Ontario’s direct health care costs. Ontarians in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position contributed to 15% of the province’s direct health care costs. Combined, these health behaviour and socioeconomic risk factors were associated with 34% ($134 billion) of direct health care costs (2004 to 2013). Over this time period, we estimated a 1.9% reduction in health care expenditure ($5.0 billion) attributable to improvements in some health behaviours, most importantly reduced rates of smoking. Conclusions: Adverse health behaviours and socioeconomic position cause a large direct health care system cost burden.

PROBLEMS OF ASSESSING THE HEALTH CARE COSTS EFFECTIVENESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Людмила Горшкова ◽  
Lyudmila Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Logarithmic Curve ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

Assessing the effectiveness of health care expenditure is a major economic task. The most important indicator to assess the effectiveness of health care costs is the expected life expectancy (ELE). Infant mortality is also closely related to DLE. The article substantiates the logarithmic model of the dependence of ELE from health care expenditure (per person for a particular year). Each country is represented by a point on the coordinate plane with an ordinate equal to the ELE in this country and an abscissa equal to the health care expenditure in it. The modeling logarithmic curve is taken as the theoret-ical threshold of the cost-effectiveness: the higher the curve is the point repre-senting the country, the more effective the health care costs in this country, and the lower the threshold curve, the costs are more unprofitable. It is shown that the dependence of ELE from GDP (or GRP by regions of Russia) is not so obvious: although there is a tendency to such a dependence, but with a large number of drop-out values. Despite the achievement of the highest average expected life expectancy in Russia in the country's history, it is significantly lower than in developed countries. The main causes of low expected life expectancy at birth are unsatisfactory health indicators, and as a result, high incidence and disability. Traumatism on the roads and suicides are one of the significant reasons for the low expected life expectancy in Russia and are significantly higher than similar indicators in other countries. The article shows the close correlation between the cost of health care per person and expected life expectancy. However, in the Russian Federation, the share of public expenditure in the structure of aggregate health expenditure is decreasing. Social insurance funds are more than half of the health care public expenditure. The author reveals considerable regional differences in health spending per person and average expected life expectancy. The article highlights the insufficient level of health care costs in Russia as a whole and in regions.

scholarly journals Health care consumption for somatic patients following a brief outreach alcohol intervention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Schwarz ◽  
Marie Kruse ◽  
Anette Søgaard Nielsen ◽  
Bent Nielsen ◽  
Jes Søgaard
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Alcohol Intervention ◽  
Health Care Consumption ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Costs

This study explores health and social care consumption in two groups of patients with risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD), following a brief outreach alcohol intervention in a general hospital setting in Denmark. The Relay intervention aims to decrease health care contacts and thus primarily, in the long run, to reduce health care costs and secondarily to reduce labour market consequences and social costs for patients with alcohol problems. The study took place in somatic hospital departments with high prevalence of alcohol related injuries and illnesses. Patients admitted to the hospital between October 2013 and June 2016 were screened using the Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT) and everyone scoring 8 points and above were randomised to either intervention (Relay group) or control group (TAU group). The patients (n=561) were followed for 12 months after discharge from the hospital. Data was gathered on somatic and psychiatric hospital admissions, GP visits and other primary health care visits as well as the costs associated with the health care contacts. In addition, data on social costs and productivity was gathered. All data was gathered from the Danish registers using personal identification numbers. We modelled the association using generalised linear modelling and investigated the costs further by performing a quantile analysis. We found no statistically significant difference in health care costs, social costs or productivity between the two groups. A longer follow-up is needed to fully investigate effects of the Relay intervention on changes in patients’ health behaviour and subsequently on health care costs.

Tort reform: do details matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Rachel G. Childers
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Joint Liability ◽  
Joint And Several Liability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Care Costs

Abstract One explanation for increases in health care costs has been malpractice lawsuits. States have introduced several types of tort reforms to control increases in health care costs. This paper adds to the literature by examining how the differences in joint and several liability (JSL) reforms affect the state-specific growth rate in health care expenditures. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential for a fundamental difference between states that pass different types of liability reforms. The results show that JSL reforms that limit joint liability based on percentage of blame have statistically and economically significant impacts on health care expenditure growth rates.

scholarly journals Burden of health behaviours and socioeconomic position on health care expenditure in Ontario

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Manuel ◽  
Carol Bennett ◽  
Richard Perez ◽  
Andrew S. Wilton ◽  
Adrian Rohit Dass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Care Costs

Background: Smoking, unhealthy alcohol consumption, poor diet and physical inactivity are leading risk factors for morbidity and mortality, and contribute substantially to overall healthcare costs. The availability of health surveys linked to health care provides population-based estimates of direct healthcare costs. We estimated health behaviour and socioeconomic-attribute healthcare costs, and how these have changed during a period when government policies have aimed to reduce their burden.  Methods: The Ontario samples of the Canadian Community Health Surveys (conducted in 2003, 2005, and 2007-2008) were linked at the individual level to all records of health care use of publicly funded healthcare. Generalized linear models were estimated with a negative binomial distribution to ascertain the relationship of health behaviours and socioeconomic risk factors on health care costs. The multivariable cost model was then applied to unlinked, cross-sectional CCHS samples for each year from 2004 to 2013 to examine the evolution of health behaviour and socioeconomic-attributable direct health care expenditures over a 10-year period. Results: We included 80,749 respondents, aged 25 years and older, and 312,952 person-years of follow-up. The cost model was applied to 200,324 respondents aged 25 years and older (CCHS 2004 to 2013). During the 10-year period from 2004 to 2013, smoking, unhealthy alcohol consumption, poor diet and physical inactivity attributed to 22% of Ontario’s direct health care costs. Ontarians in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position contributed to 15% of the province’s direct health care costs. Taken together, health behaviours and socioeconomic position were associated with 34% ($134 billion) of direct health care costs (2004 to 2013). Over this time period, we estimated a 1.9% reduction in health care expenditure ($5.0 billion) attributable to improvements in some health behaviours, most importantly reduced rates of smoking. Conclusions: Health behaviours and socioeconomic position cause a large direct health care system cost burden.

Health-care costs of underweight, overweight and obesity: Australian population-based study

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1199-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A Clifford ◽  
Lisa Gold ◽  
Fiona K Mensah ◽  
Pauline W Jansen ◽  
Nina Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Care Costs

scholarly journals The Link between Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: A Role for Antileukotrienes?

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kim ◽  
J Bouchard ◽  
PM Renzix
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Care Costs

Allergic rhinitis and asthma are both chronic heterogeneous disorders, with an overlapping epidemiology of prevalence, health care costs and social costs in quality of life. Both are inflammatory disorders with a similar pathophysiology, and both share some treatment approaches. However, each disorder has an array of treatments used separately in controlling these atopic disorders, from inhaled corticosteroids, beta2-agonists and antihistamines to newer monoclonal antibody-based treatments. The present article reviews the shared components of allergic rhinitis and asthma, and examines recent evidence supporting antileukotrienes as effective agents in reducing the symptoms of both diseases.

Health care costs of overweight and obesity for Pacific and Maori populations in New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
A. Lal ◽  
M. Moodie ◽  
T. Ashton ◽  
M. Siahpush ◽  
B. Swinburn
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Care Costs

scholarly journals Modeling Obesity in Norway (The MOON Study): A Decision-Analytic Approach—Prevalence, Costs, and Years of Life Lost

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Gudrun M. W. Bjørnelv ◽  
Vidar Halsteinli ◽  
Bård E. Kulseng ◽  
Diana Sonntag ◽  
Rønnaug A. Ødegaard
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Care Costs

Background Limited knowledge exists on the expected long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of initiatives aiming to reduce the burden of obesity. Aim To develop a Norwegian obesity-focused disease-simulation model: the MOON model. Material and Methods We developed a Markov model and simulated a Norwegian birth cohort’s movement between the health states “normal weight,”“overweight,”“obese 1,”“obese 2,” and “dead” using a lifetime perspective. Model input was estimated using longitudinal data from health surveys and real-world data (RWD) from local and national registers ( N = 99,348). The model is deterministic and probabilistic and stratified by gender. Model validity was assessed by estimating the cohort’s expected prevalence, health care costs, and mortality related to overweight and obesity. Results Throughout the cohort’s life, the prevalence of overweight increased steadily and stabilized at 45% at 45 y of age. The number of obese 1 and 2 individuals peaked at age 75 y, when 44% of women and 35% of men were obese. The incremental costs per person associated with obesity was highest in older ages and, when accumulated over the lifetime, higher among women (€12,118, €9,495–€15,047) than men (€6,646, €5,252–€10,900). On average, obesity shortened the life expectancy of women/men in the whole cohort by 1.31/1.08 y. The life expectancy for normal-weight women/men at age 30 was 83.31/80.31. The life expectancy was reduced by 1.05/0.65 y if the individual was overweight, obese (2.87/2.71 y), or obese 2 (4.06/4.83 y). Conclusion The high expected prevalence of obesity in the future will lead to substantial health care costs and large losses in life-years. This underscores the need to implement interventions to reduce the burden of obesity; the MOON model will enable economic evaluations for a wide range of interventions.

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