scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ROAD SAFETY BARRIERS ON REDUCING THE RISK OF DANGEROUS ROAD ACCIDENTS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (46) ◽  
pp. 283-292
Author(s):  
Savostin-Kosiak D ◽  
◽  
Michalski Jacek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Safety Barriers ◽  
Road Systems ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
The Impact

The weaknesses of the road systems were analyzed, including dangerous events generated by vehicle getting out of the road and consequent secondary dangerous events such as: driving over a barrier or other dangerous object located next to road or roofing of the vehicle. Particularly, the security, availability of technological solutions for protection barriers, columns and road signs on roads and bridges were considered. The preventive and protective functions of road equipment and engineering objects are given, which are adequate to the specific risk. Failures of safety barriers and road protection barriers and the consequences of their failures for people, properties and the environment were analyzed. Solutions for the construction of road barriers were analyzed in terms of: availability, the degree of reliability of their components and the possibility of maintaining risk within acceptable limits. The scope of fulfillment of required functional features, design methods, modern technological solutions, test methods and certification procedures were analyzed. Functional features of protective barriers regarding: the protection level, displacements and the level of impact intensity were taken into account. Literature point of view on aided design of protective barriers has been included which covers finite element method (method of sum of displacements) with appropriate analysis of forces, torques and displacements with CAD systems including use of LS-DYNA system for events and damage parameters. A large part of the publication deals with modern technological solutions and analyzes including design of protective barriers, modeling of their elements as well as modeling collisions with vehicles, taking into account the impact of the ground. KEYWORDS: PROTECTION BARRIERS, FAILURES OF PROTECTION BARRIERS, DESIGN METHODS, SECURITY OF PROTECTION BARRIERS

scholarly journals The Effects of Divided Attention on Memory for Road Signs

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-295
Author(s):  
Nathaniel L. Foster ◽  
Gregory R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Naturalistic Environment

We examined incidental learning of road signs under divided attention in a simulated naturalistic environment. We tested whether word-based versus symbol-based road signs were differentially maintained in working memory by dividing attention during encoding and measuring the effect on long-term memory. Participants in a lab watched a video from the point of view of a car driving the streets of a small town. Participants were instructed to indicate whether passing road signs in the video were on the left or right side of the street while either singing the Star-Spangled Banner (phonological divided attention) or describing familiar locations (visuospatial divided attention). For purposes of analysis, road signs were categorized as word signs if they contained words (e.g., a STOP sign) or as symbol signs if they contained illustrations or symbols (e.g., a pedestrian crosswalk sign). A surprise free recall test of the road signs indicated greater recall for word signs than symbol signs, and greater recall of signs for the phonological divided attention group than the visuospatial divided attention group. Critically, the proportion of correct recall of symbol signs was significantly lower for the visuospatial divided attention group than the phonological divided attention group, p = .02, d = 0.63, but recall for word signs was not significantly different between phonological and visuospatial groups, p = .09, d = 0.44. Results supported the hypothesis that visuospatial information—but not phonological information—is stored in working memory in a simulated naturalistic environment that involved incidental learning.

scholarly journals An Innovative Simulation Agent-Based Model for the Combined Sea-Road Transport as a DSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10773
Author(s):  
Alessandra Renna ◽  
Marco Petrelli ◽  
Stefano Carrese ◽  
Riccardo Bertocci
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Road ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
The Impact

This research proposes an innovative approach to evaluate modal shift from the road-only to the combined sea-road transport in order to implement new policies and introduce a Decision Support System (DSS) for the transportation planner’s decision. The impact of these is carried out by using an innovative simulation tool which has the capability to simulate the real choice process of all stakeholders involved, specifically modelling the freight forwarder’s point of view. The model runs as a single-agent based simulation which uses a multimodal network with detailed zoning. The simulation tool, capable of simulating the assignment of the whole network simultaneously, consists of a path choice model and a mode choice model for each o/d pair considered, establishing o/d pairs suitable and not suitable for modal shift. Three policies have been designed and tested through the simulation tool with an application in the Italian context: (1) internalization of the external costs of heavy vehicles; (2) introduction of a bonus for shipping companies; (3) design of new Ro-Ro services. The most affecting policy concerns an increase of speed of some Ro-Ro services to 22 kn, proposing a good balance between the navigation costs and the potential demand attracted.

Strength of the semitrailer’s roof in the aspect of road traffic safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
Mirosław Nader ◽  
Krzysztof Kielczyk
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
European Standards

Stable and slidable roofs of the semitrailers are usually characterized by low weight and easy handling, which equals directly into comfort of use, longevity of the system and the time needed to open or close. However, not always an operational advantages of roofs go hand in hand with their durability, especially in the snowfall situation or sudden changes of the road lane by a set of vehicles: a truck tractor – a semitrailer. The analysis of homologation regulations shows that today there are no precise requirements and physical testing / strength methods for assembled roofs of the semitrailers as components. The test methods for complete vehicle bodies (including the roof), which have destructive nature, are described in European standards, e.g. EN 12642:2017 "Securing of cargo on road vehicles – Body structure of commercial vehicles – Minimum requirements" [6], internal German regulations, e.g. VDI 2700:2004 "Securing of loads on road vehicles" [8] or Directive DCE 9.5:2008 ”Load security for transportation of load containers on utility vehicles in road traffic” [7]. A non-destructive, possible to perform, testing method for the roof as a component - is calculation method. The results of the performed tests allow to conduct development works over improving the vehicle’s system security (including the introduction of new semitrailers roofs design solutions and verification of existing ones). The carried out strength tests give possibilities to optimize and adapt the roofs to the transported loads, e.g. stable lifting roofs used in transport of divisible loads, or sliding roofs used in the transport of non-separate loads. The strength testing of the semitrailer’s roofs is highly justified from the point of view of securing the load and safety of passengers, drivers and other road users primarily. The requirements and limitations of the mentioned testing methods are not - in the authors opinion - 100% of realistic and possible deformation during the real vehicle’s road traffic. On the other hand, the cited documents exists as recognized regulators in the international arena of the road traffic legislation. The work’s aim is demonstrating the benefits of using reinforced roofs in all types of the semitrailer’s bodyworks.

Strength and Swelling Properties of Solidified Dredged Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 812-815
Author(s):  
Dong Xing Wang ◽  
Rachid Zentar ◽  
Nor Edine Abriak
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Material ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Impact

In the context of sustainable development, traditional approaches such as ocean dumping and inland deposit are unsatisfactory for managing such large quantity of dredged marine sediments. The solidified sediments with cement as a new material for road construction are preferred to resolve the present issue for minimizing the impact to environment. Based on the basal characterization of dredged sediments, a series of tests, such as compaction tests, compressive strength and tensile strength tests and swell tests, are performed to explore the engineering properties of treated materials. The compressive and tensile strengths increase with cement content and curing time, while the swell percents of sediments decrease after immersion in water for 4 days. And this treatment method could be considered adaptive and acceptable for the road construction from the point of view of swelling property. Finally, the I-CBR index of cement-treated sediments increases due to the flocculation and cementation compared to the I-CBR index before immersion.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Supporting Road Signs Masts Family for Compliance with the Standard EN 12767

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 5999
Author(s):  
Michał Stopel ◽  
Artur Cichański ◽  
Nathalie Yague ◽  
Grzegorz Kończalski
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Passive Safety ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Numerical Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crash Tests

The analysis aimed to assess the passive safety of supporting masts for road signs in accordance with EN 12767. Experimental tests were carried out based on the requirements of the standard for the smallest and the largest constructions within the product family. Numerical models of crash tests were prepared for whole product family using the Finite Element Method in the LS-Dyna environment. Based on the comparison of the experimental tests and the numerical calculations, the usefulness of the numerical model for estimating the actual value of the Acceleration Severity Index (ASI) and the Theoretical Head Impact Velocity (THIV) was assessed. With the use of these relationships the values of ASI and THIV for masts not tested experimentally were estimated. It was confirmed that the analyzed masts met the requirements for the passive safety of structures set out in the standard EN 12767. It was possible since as a result of the impact, the mast column detached from the base, allowing the vehicle to continue moving. The behavior of the masts was primarily influenced by the destruction of the safety connectors. The paper presents the most important elements from the point of view of designing such solutions.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Human on Safety of Transportation Systems Operation / Ocena Wpływu Oddziaływań Człowieka Na Bezpieczeństwo Działania Systemu Transportowego

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Woropay ◽  
Łukasz Muślewski ◽  
Marek Ślęzak ◽  
Mirosław Szubartowski
Keyword(s):  
Transport Process ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Road Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Proper Response ◽  
Traffic Rules

Abstract Collisions are inseparably connected with road traffic. Driving a mechanical vehicle requires not only a good knowledge of traffic rules and appropriate skills but also physical and psychical fitness. The road system consists of three basic elements such as: road, vehicle and human. From the point of view of safety of the executed transport process this is the human who plays the most important role in it. They need to have the ability of quick situation estimation and providing proper response to it involving performance of right maneuvers and adjusting them to a given situation. Studying transportation systems it should be remembered that the role of a human plays in them is of different character. They may be drivers, passengers or belong to the environment. Thus, their behavior has a large influence on the transportation system safe functioning including both public and individual transport.

ANCIENT MAYA MARKETS AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF CARACOL, BELIZE

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Z. Chase ◽  
Arlen F. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Classic Period ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
The Road ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Road Systems ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Impact

AbstractModeling Classic period social and economic systems of the ancient Maya has proven difficult for a number of reasons, including sampling, preservation, and interpretational biases. As more archaeological research has been undertaken, views about the Classic period Maya (a.d.250–900) have become progressively more complex. Because neither Maya art nor hieroglyphic texts contain substantial information on ancient economic systems, some archaeologists have tended to deemphasize the impact of ancient economies in reconstructions of the Classic period Maya civilization. Archaeological research at Caracol, Belize, however, has recovered evidence of the road systems, marketplaces, and production areas that served as the backbone of the site's economic infrastructure. When combined with artifact distributions, these data demonstrate the existence of an economy based on surplus household production with distribution in elite-administered markets. The archaeological data from Caracol not only elucidate how marketplaces were embedded in the Maya landscape, but also how they were used to integrate the site.

scholarly journals The Impact of Health Sector Development on Tourism Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Abdi ◽  
Yousef Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Hedayat Montakhab
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Background: One of the most common mistakes in tourism policy is to focus solely on the tourist attractions without considering the environmental conditions and facilities in the community. Access to quality health services in the destination country is one of the most important facilities for tourists. The present study investigated the effect of improving the health sector on attracting foreign tourists. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical study. To conduct the study, the data of global development indicators (published by the World Bank) from 1996 to 2016 were used. The study sample included 82 developing and developed countries. In order to analyze the data, the test methods based on panel data and the generalized torque regression were applied using Stata 14 software. Results: Findings from the estimates of all 4 models show that development of health and treatment increased the amount of tourist attraction in the world. The 2 indices of health developer for both groups of countries had a significant positive effect on tourism development index (tourist attraction). The findings also showed that other independent variables of the model such as air transport development, poll tax income, improvement of information and communication technology, and business development had a positive and significant effect on attracting foreign tourists. Conclusion: On the one hand, provision of the necessary health facilities and improvement of the health indicators provide one of the most essential facilities needed by tourists. On the other hand, application of these facilities is the goal of tourism. From a social point of view, improving health indicators is a positive aspect for society. Therefore, development of health is one of the essentials of tourism development.

scholarly journals Design principles for level crossings in the light of the amendment to the national regulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 497-501
Author(s):  
Maciej Rochel ◽  
Paulina Szabłowska
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Longitudinal Profile ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Intersection Angle ◽  
Level Crossings ◽  
The Road ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Impact

In the paper the impact of the amendment to national regulations - “Rozporządzenie w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać skrzyżowania linii kolejowych oraz bocznic kolejowych z drogami I ich usytuowanie” is discussed from the point of view of design process. The revision came into force on 16th October 2018, introducing many changes to the design of level crossings. In the article the authors discuss the changes with regards to the visibility conditions, the intersection angle, the longitudinal profile of the road and the railway line. In addition, the issue of the road and railway track routing in the horizontal plane is discussed.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

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