FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIAL TREATMENT DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEGASSING IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS OF GENERAL TOXIC ACTION

Introduction. Carbon monoxide (CO) remains one of the most common causes of acute poisoning and death, both in everyday life and in emergency situations, especially in fires.Material and methods. The paper summarizes information about the regulatory effects, mechanisms of toxic action, pathogenesis and clinical picture of intoxication, as well as predictors of the severity of CO poisoning.Results. The main mechanism of the toxic effect of CO is due to its ability to bind to the protohemal iron of hemoglobin (Hb) to form carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). The toxicity of CO may also be enhanced by impaired functions of the myoglobin of the myocardium and skeletal muscles, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, and iron-containing enzymes of the antioxidant system. The leading link in the pathogenesis of acute CO intoxication is a violation of the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin and the associated development of hemic and tissue hypoxia. CO-induced cell and tissue damage due to the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, free radical hyperproduction, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis also play a role in the pathogenesis of intoxication.Conclusion. The mechanism of toxic action of CO, associated primarily with the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and the development of hypoxia, determines the clinical manifestations of acute intoxication, which depend on the concentration of CO and the duration of exposure, but are almost always associated with the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.

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Multidisciplinary working, evidence, treatment, and decision-making in medicine

The Medical Model in Mental Health ◽

10.1093/med/9780198807254.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 70-88

Author(s):

Ahmed Samei Huda

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Decision Making ◽

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Medical Model ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Initial Assessment ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽

Multidisciplinary Working

Patients have many needs and not all can be met using the medical model, hence the necessity of multiple therapeutic models and multidisciplinary working. Doctors’ sapiental role relies on evidence from research which can vary in quality. Quantitative and qualitative research are both useful. Randomized controlled trials with blinded assessments are the best method of assessing treatment effectiveness. Objectives of treatment should be jointly decided between doctor and patient and are often not simply about cure. Mechanisms of action of intervention do not always reverse disease progress but may involve other processes such as indirect compensation. Medication has many complex effects, both therapeutic and adverse. The medical model allows doctors to see many patients and work in emergency situations including providing overnight cover. This is because after the initial assessment, further assessments can be brief and if medication is used it is usually taken outside consultations. This ability to see many patients at all hours means mental health services will often include doctors using the medical model.

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Construction of Meanings in Biological and Artificial Agents

Handbook of Research on Agent-Based Societies ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-236-7.ch010 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 139-157

Author(s):

Martin Takác

Keyword(s):

Vertical Transmission ◽

Computational Models ◽

Necessary Conditions ◽

Design Principles ◽

Meaning Construction ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Artificial Agents ◽

Evolutionary Context ◽

Living Organisms

In this chapter, we focus on the issue of understanding in various types of agents. Our main goal is to build up notions of meanings and understanding in neutral and non-anthropocentric terms that would not exclude preverbal living organisms and artificial systems by definition. By analyzing the evolutionary context of understanding in living organisms and the representation of meanings in several artificially built systems, we come to design principles for building “understanding” artificial agents and formulate necessary conditions for the presence of inherent meanings. Such meanings should be based on interactional couplings between the agents and their environment, and should help the agents to orient themselves in the environment and to satisfy their goals. We explore mechanisms of action-based meaning construction, horizontal coordination, and vertical transmission of meanings and exemplify them with computational models.

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Pesticides Mechanisms of Action in Living Organisms

Environmental Security Assessment and Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeast Europe - NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security ◽

10.1007/978-94-007-6461-3_16 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 173-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gheorghe Coman ◽

Alina Farcas ◽

Andreea Valceanu Matei ◽

Cristina Florian

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Living Organisms

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Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles in Living Systems

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies - Microbial Biotechnology in Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3126-5.ch014 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 220-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Madhu Rawat ◽

Yadukrishnan P. ◽

Nitin Kumar

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Plant Growth Promotion ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Living Systems ◽

Research Application ◽

Living Organisms

Nanoparticles are being formed continuously in processes like mineralization, natural calamities, and geological recycling of matter and present naturally in the environment. In the recent past, nanoparticles and their applications have become an extensive topic of research. Application of nanomaterials in different industries will surely enhance the chances of discharge of nanoparticles into the environment. So, a number of studies have been performed to explore the mode of action of nanoparticles on living organisms and their surroundings. The most reported modes of action of nanoparticles are antimicrobial activity, ROS-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, plant growth promotion, etc. It has been successfully demonstrated that actions of nanoparticles are governed by their size, shape, dose, and concentration. However, a complete mechanism of action of nanoparticles has not been known. The present chapter focuses on the highlights of the mechanisms behind the mode of action of nanoparticles in plants and microorganisms.

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Non-micro-short RNAs: the new kids on the block

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0716 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (24) ◽

pp. 4664-4667 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bijan K. Dey ◽

Adam C. Mueller ◽

Anindya Dutta

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Large Group ◽

Small Noncoding Rnas ◽

Short Rnas ◽

Functional Classes ◽

Functional Relevance

The advent of ultra–high-throughput sequencing has led to the discovery of a large group of small, noncoding RNAs that are not microRNAs. The functional relevance of microRNAs has been well established over the last decade. In this Perspective, we focus on the non-micro-short RNAs that comprise a variety of functional classes and range from 16–40 nucleotides in size. We will highlight how some of these non-micro-short RNAs were discovered, as well as their biogenesis, potential mechanisms of action, and role in diverse biological processes, development, and disease. Finally, we will describe what must be done to further our understanding of these enigmatic molecules.

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Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles in Living Systems

Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch064 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1555-1571

Author(s):

Madhu Rawat ◽

Yadukrishnan P. ◽

Nitin Kumar

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Plant Growth Promotion ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Living Systems ◽

Research Application ◽

Living Organisms

Nanoparticles are being formed continuously in processes like mineralization, natural calamities, and geological recycling of matter and present naturally in the environment. In the recent past, nanoparticles and their applications have become an extensive topic of research. Application of nanomaterials in different industries will surely enhance the chances of discharge of nanoparticles into the environment. So, a number of studies have been performed to explore the mode of action of nanoparticles on living organisms and their surroundings. The most reported modes of action of nanoparticles are antimicrobial activity, ROS-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, plant growth promotion, etc. It has been successfully demonstrated that actions of nanoparticles are governed by their size, shape, dose, and concentration. However, a complete mechanism of action of nanoparticles has not been known. The present chapter focuses on the highlights of the mechanisms behind the mode of action of nanoparticles in plants and microorganisms.

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Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20051181 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1181 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Edyta Janik ◽

Michal Ceremuga ◽

Joanna Saluk-Bijak ◽

Michal Bijak

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Review Paper ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

High Potential ◽

Low Doses ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Living Organisms

Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for another organism”. Toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. The first reason is that many biological toxins can be obtained very easily. Simple bacterial culturing systems and extraction equipment dedicated to plant toxins are cheap and easily available, and can even be constructed at home. Many toxins affect the nervous systems of mammals by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, which gives them their high potential in bioterrorist attacks. Others are responsible for blockage of main cellular metabolism, causing cellular death. Moreover, most toxins act very quickly and are lethal in low doses (LD50 < 25 mg/kg), which are very often lower than chemical warfare agents. For these reasons we decided to prepare this review paper which main aim is to present the high potential of biological toxins as factors of bioterrorism describing the general characteristics, mechanisms of action and treatment of most potent biological toxins. In this paper we focused on six most danger toxins: botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxins, Clostridium perfringens toxins, ricin, abrin and T-2 toxin. We hope that this paper will help in understanding the problem of availability and potential of biological toxins.

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Training of NBC Reconnaissance Specialists for Special Tasks Performance

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2021-5-1-65-70 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 65-70

Keyword(s):

Chemical Control ◽

Medical Training ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

Practical Skills ◽

Hazardous Chemicals ◽

Combat Training ◽

Control Devices ◽

And Control ◽

Military Units

Combat training is the main content of the daily activities of commanders (chiefs), command and control bodies (headquarters) and troops. The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of training of NBC reconnaissance specialists, obtained during the training of NBC reconnaissance specialists in the period from December 2018 to March 2020 on the basis of military units of the Shikhany garrison. The main forms of this training were lectures, practical and control exercises in military-political, special, fire, technical, military-medical training, in NBC protection, driving, military topography and communications training. The personnel received practical skills in identifying hazardous chemicals, explosives and toxic chemicals simulators with chemical reconnaissance and chemical control devices.

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