scholarly journals Administration of Iodized Salt, Counseling about Food Sources of Iodine and Goitrogenic, to Mothers who have Children in Primary School, Affect the Excretion of Urine Iodine

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1097
Author(s):  
I Ketut Swirya Jaya ◽  
Iswari Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urine Iodine

To overcome the problem of iodine deficiency, administration of iodized salt, counseling of iodized food sources and goitrogenic food are very important. The goal is to change the consumption of iodized and goitrogenic food sources and consume the recommended iodized salt, so that iodine intake is fulfilled and urinary iodine excretion becomes normal. This study was an experimental research, using pre-test and post-test with control group design. The sample size was 60 students of elementary school, consisting of 30 students. students for the treatment group and 30 students for the control group. In the treatment group, the mothers of the students were given iodized salt to give to their children, provided counseling about food sources that are rich in iodine and which are goitrogenic. The parameters measured were the consumption of iodine, protein and urinary iodine excretion in the phase before and after being treated, with a span of time for 3 weeks. Data collection on nutrient consumption was done through recall once in 24 hours. The level of iodine in the urine was measured using spectrophotometry, and the consumption of goitrogenic sources was measured through observation at the time of recall. The data were analyzed using t-test. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that in Sedau Village, Narmada District, West Lombok Regency; giving iodized salt, counseling about iodized and goitrogenic food sources to mothers who have children in primary school. Keywords: iodized salt; counseling; food sources of iodine; goitrogenic; excretion of urine iodine

scholarly journals Effects of Giving Iodized Salt, Counseling of Iodine and Goitrogenic Sources of Food in Mothers Who Have Elementary School Children Against Urinary Iodine Excretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
I Ketut Swiryajaya ◽  
Iswari Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean

As a result of IDD is the occurrence of impaired child growth makes researchers interested in conducting research on "Provision of iodized salt, food counseling about the source of iodine and goitrogenic substances with urinary iodine excretion status in elementary school children". Research on IDD is often carried out in primary school-age children, aged 6-12 years because of their vulnerability to iodine deficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of iodized salt interventions and counseling patterns of iodized and goitrogenic food consumption patterns on levels of urinary yodiun excretion in families with elementary school children. Research methods: The design of this study included quasi-experimental using a specific design that is "pre and post test control group design". The study population was elementary school children with a sample size of 30 children aged 9 -12 years in each group. Data collected included the consumption of nutrients by the 24-hour recall method, the results of urine iodine examination by the spectrophotometric method. The collected data is then analyzed with an independent sample T test. The results showed there were differences in urinary yodiun excretion levels in the two groups (treatment and control), while the mean in the treatment group before intervention was 106.97 ug / L and after the intervention was 43.19 ug / L. Whereas in the control group, the level of urinary yodiun excretion before intervention was 117.30 μg / L and after the intervention was 243.19 μg / L. The mean of respondents who consumed goitrogenic sources in the treatment group before the intervention (Yes = 63%, No = 37%), after the intervention (Yes = 23%, No = 77%). Whereas in the Control group before the intervention (Yes = 56%, No = 73%), after the intervention (Yes = 23%, No = 77%). The average amount of protein consumption before treatment was 47.91 µg/L ± 6.54 and 50.15 µg/L ± 12.52 after treatment. For consumption, an increase with a mean before treatment was 89.88 µg/L ± 38.45 and after treatment was 113 µg/L ± 26. The results of the independent sample t-test showed that in the treatment group there was no significant difference between after and before the intervention (p = 0.058). Whereas in the control group there were significant differences between before and after the intervention (p = 0.002). It can be concluded that there are many factors that need to be controlled in the provision of interventions, especially the use, type of salt and goitronic as well as the method of examination of iodine analysis in urine. Keywords: iodized salt; iodine food sources; goitrogenic; urinary iodine excretion

Iodized salt prophylaxis of endemic goiter: an experience in Toscana (Italy)

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
A Pinchera ◽  
L Antonangeli ◽  
T Rago ◽  
GF Fenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Legislative Measures

It is well established that iodine supplementation is effective in correcting iodine deficiency and reducing goiter prevalence. In Italy, legislation has allowed the production of iodized salt since 1972, but its consumption is on a voluntary basis. In the present study, the efficacy of legislative measures that made compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores has been evaluated. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid size, scored according to Pan American Health Organization recommendations, were determined prior to (1981) and 10 years after (1991) the introduction of legislative measures in the whole schoolchildren population residing in a restricted area of the Tuscan Appennines. Moreover, in 1991, thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. In 1981, mean urinary iodine excretion was 47.1±22.4 mg/kg creatinine (0.412 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence was 60%, indicating a moderate iodine deficiency. Eighty of the families subsequently used iodized salt on a regular basis; as a result of this excellent compliance, in 1991 the mean urinary iodine excretion increased to 129.7±73 mg/kg creatinine (1.24 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence dropped to 8.1%. The results of this study underline the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in correcting iodine deficiency and abating endemic goiter in schoolchildren, and suggest that implementation of measures that make compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores overcomes the fact that there is no law governing the exclusive production and trading of iodized salt.

Effect of voluntary intake of iodinated salt on prevalence of goitre in children

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hintze ◽  
Dieter Emrich ◽  
Klaus Richter ◽  
Hanne Thal ◽  
Horst Thal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Abstract. The availability of iodinated salt containing 20 mg of iodine as iodate/kg salt consumed on a voluntary basis enabled us to investigate its effect on goitre prevalence and iodine excretion in urine in a longitudinal, prospective, randomized study over 4 years. With this salt, under the assumption of a consumption of 5 g salt per day and person, an additional intake of 100 μg of iodine can be achieved. The study was performed on initially 334 children (168 boys, 166 girls) at the age of 10 years living in an area of iodine deficiency. After 4 years, 286 children still participated in the study. Initially, goitre prevalence as assessed by palpation was found to be 30.5% (37.4% in girls and 23.8% in boys). Neck circumference was found to be significantly higher in children with goitre compared with those without (30.2 ± 1.4 vs 29.4 ± 1.4 cm; P < 0.001). Iodine excretion in the urine was significantly lower in children with goitre compared with those without (40.4 ± 16.7 μg/g creatinine vs 46.1 ± 24.9 μg/g creatinine; x ± sd; P < 0.05). The children were randomly assigned to two different groups: group A (N = 146) was asked to use iodinated salt, group B (N = 188) non-iodinated salt. Over the 4 years, a continuous increase in iodine excretion in urine could be demonstrated in group A. After 1 year, it was significantly higher than in the control group that used non-iodinated salt. After 4 years, the mean iodine excretion in children using iodinated salt was 60.1 ± 24.1 μg/g creatinine in contrast to 45.1 ± 18.6 μg/g in the control group (x ± sd; P< 0.0001). However, no decrease in goitre prevalence could be documented: after 4 years, 23.8% of the children belonging to the group using iodinated salt and 22.5% of those in the group taking non-iodinated salt had a goitre. From these observations we conclude: 1. The voluntary use of a commercially available iodinated salt containing 20 mg iodate/kg leads to a significant increase in iodine intake, measured by urinary iodine excretion. Even after 4 years, the value is far below the daily iodine intake recommended by the WHO. No decrease in goitre frequency could be assessed. 2. An increase in iodine ingestion can be achieved either by increasing the iodine content of the salt or by application of iodine by alternative measures. The safest way would be to use iodinated salt exclusively, i.e. also in the food industry and restaurants. An increase in the iodine content of the salt and its continuous voluntary use would lead to a large variation in iodine intake. A higher risk of adverse reaction, e.g. iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis, cannot be excluded in susceptible persons.

Current Status of Iodine Deficiency in Mongolia in 1998-1999

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
P. Enkhtuya ◽  
A. Erdenbat ◽  
A. Buttumur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Iodine Excretion

In 1992, the Mongolian government conducted a nationwide palpation study of the thyroid glands, and the study showed an overall goiter rate of 30%. As a result of this, the Mongolian Government launched its Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Programme in 1996 and its primary strategy was salt iodization. In 1998 and 1999, we carried out programme monitoring studies in 11 provinces. The results showed: among schoolchildren, a goiter rate was 22.8% (n=6,535), median values of urinary iodine excretion ranged from 11 μg/l to 256 μg/l (n=1,930), and usage rates of iodized salt (>20 PPM iodine content) in their households ranged from 3% to 82%. We concluded that severe iodine deficiency in 1992 was improved from moderate to mild severity a few years later by salt iodization. However, stronger official commitments and community participation are needed to improve the programme so that iodized salt will be made more widely available. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2000;12(2): 79-84

Food sources of iodine in schoolchildren and relationship with 24-hour urinary iodine excretion in Victoria, Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
K Beckford ◽  
CA Grimes ◽  
C Margerison ◽  
LJ Riddell ◽  
SA Skeaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACT Dietary recalls have been used previously to identify food sources of iodine in Australian schoolchildren. Dietary assessment can provide information on the relative contributions of individual food groups which can be related to a robust objective measure of daily intake (24hr urinary iodine excretion (UIE)). In Australia, the government has mandated the use of iodised salt in breadmaking to address iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary intake and food sources of iodine to assess their contribution to iodine excretion (UIE) in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. In 2011-13 UIE was assessed using a single 24-hour urine sample and dietary intake was assessed using one 24-hour dietary recall in a convenience sample of primary schoolchildren from schools in Victoria, Australia. Of the 454 children with a valid recall and urine sample 55% were male (average age 10.1) (1.3(SD) years). Mean (SD) UIE and dietary iodine intake were 108(54) and 172(74) μg/day, respectively. Dietary assessment indicated that bread and milk were the main food sources of iodine, contributing 27% and 25%, respectively, to dietary iodine. Milk but not bread intake was positively associated with UIE. Multiple regression (adjusted for school cluster, age and gender) indicated that for every 100g increase in milk consumption, there was a 3μg/day increase in UIE (β=4.0 (0.9)(SE), P<0.001). In conclusion, both bread and milk were important contributors to dietary iodine intake however consumption of bread was not associated with daily iodine excretion in this group of Australian schoolchildren.

Goiter Prevalence, Urinary Iodine Excretion, Thyroid Function and Anti-Thyroid Antibodies after 12 Years of Salt Iodization in Shahriar, Iran

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereidoun Azizi ◽  
Lida Navai ◽  
Farid Fattahi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Antibodies ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Objective: In a previous study in 1983, goiter was found to be endemic in Shahriar, Iran. Iodized salt has been distributed in the region for the past 12 years, and the present study was performed to examine the effect of iodide supplementation on indicators of iodine deficiency (IDD) and thyroid antibodies. Design & Methods: A total of 3164 people, 58% women and 42% men, were selected by random sampling from the Shahriar area. Goiter was staged according to World Health Organization guidelines. Urinary iodine was measured by a digestion method, and thyroid hormone measurements were done by radioimmunoassay. The results were compared with those of 1983. Results: Goiter prevalence before and after iodine supplementation was 50 and 40% in men, 70 and 51% in women, and 60 and 47% in the whole community, respectively (p < 0.001). A decrease in the prevalence of goiter was observed especially in younger individuals. The mean urinary iodine excretion was 7.6 and 18.5 mug/dL, before and after iodine supplementation. In 1983, the urinary iodine in 47.5% of the population studied was between 2 to 5 mug/dL, while in 1995, 65% of the population studied had urinary iodine between 10 to 25 mug/dL, 12 years after iodine supplementation. Mean serum T4, T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were normal before and after intervention. There was no significant change in occurrence of positive antibodies, or of hypo-and hyperthyroidism, following iodine supplementation. Conclusion: The result of this study shows that the use of iodized salt causes an increase in excreted urinary iodine and a decrease in the prevalence of thyroid goiter, especially in younger age groups,. Consumption of iodized salt with 40 parts per million (ppm) iodine has not caused increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in this area.

scholarly journals PAKISTAN'S JOURNEY TOWARDS UNIVERSAL COVERAGE OF IODISED SALT: A NON-SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-197
Author(s):  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Aarati Pillai ◽  
Suvabrata Dey ◽  
Shabina Raza ◽  
Noor Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Production Capacities

Background: Pakistan has grappled with the challenge of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) however the country has made definite strides towards addressing it. IDD is easily prevented through consumption of adequately iodized salt. This article documents Pakistan's journey on the road to achieving universal salt iodization. Methods: Non-systematic review of Nutrition International's (NI) internal documents, case studies and other articles was used to assimilate findings. Additionally, Situation Analysis of the Salt Sector was also undertaken. Results: There are 1,350 salt processors producing 1.12 million tonnes of salt, of which 54% is for edible purposes and 46% for industrial purposes. Small, medium and large salt processors are categorized based on the production capacities. NNS, 2018 reported a higher household coverage of iodized salt (79.6%), while urinary iodine excretion showed that 7.3% of 6-12 year children were severely deficient in iodine. Conclusion: As Pakistan moves ahead in its journey towards achieving USI, it is important to understand that the focus on the program will gradually shift to sustaining USI. Hence, keeping in mind all the constraints, we need to prepare ourselves for the next stage of achieving and sustaining USI.

VALUE OF SINGLE URINE SPECIMENS IN ESTIMATION OF 24 HOUR URINE IODINE EXCRETION

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. M. Frey ◽  
B. Rosenlund ◽  
J. P. Torgersen
Keyword(s):  
Population Studies ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urine Specimens ◽  
Healthy Females ◽  
Healthy Males ◽  
Urine Iodine

ABSTRACT The excretion of iodine both in a 24 hour urine collection and per g of creatinine in a single afternoon specimen was studied in 33 physicians and 29 nurses in Oslo. The mean 24 hour excretion in males was 216 μg/24 h and in females 165 μg/24 h. The mean ratio between total urinary iodine excretion in 24 hours and the excretion per g of creatinine in the afternoon specimen was found to be 1.97 (sd = 0.53) in males and 1.30 (sd = 0.49) in females. These data make it possible to calculate the mean 24 hour urinary iodine excretion in population studies on the basis of afternoon urine specimens, and also to estimate the accuracy of this calculation. The method was used on samples of urine from 210 healthy males and 73 healthy females in Oslo (mostly industrial workers). The estimate of the mean 24 hour iodine excretion in the males was 248 μg/24 h (sem 4.5), and in the females 173 μg/24 h (sem 8).

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