scholarly journals Post Model Correction in Risk Analysis and Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-566
Author(s):  
G.-J. Siouris ◽  
D. Skilogianni ◽  
A. Karagrigoriou
Keyword(s):  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Asset Return ◽  
Athens Stock Exchange ◽  
Penny Stocks

This work focuses on Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) in conjunction with the so called, low price effect. In order to improve forecasts of risk measures like VaR or ES when low price effect is present, we propose the low price correction which does not involve additional parameters and instead of returns it relies on asset prices. The forecasting ability of the proposed methodology is measured by appropriately adjusted popular evaluation measures, like MSE and MAPE as well as by backtesting methods. For illustrative and comparative purposes a real example from the Athens Stock Exchange as well as a number of penny stocks from Nasdaq, NYSE and NYSE MKT are fully examined. The proposed technique is always applicable, but its superiority and effectiveness is evident in extreme economic scenarios and severe stock collapses. The proposed methodology that pays attention not only to the asset return but also to the asset price, provides sufficient evidence that prices could contain important information which could if taken under consideration, results in improved forecasts of risk estimation.

scholarly journals Using HMM Approach for Assessing Quality of Value at Risk Estimation: Evidence from PSE Listed Company

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1687-1694
Author(s):  
Tomáš Konderla ◽  
Václav Klepáč
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Listed Company ◽  
Mixture Distribution ◽  
Normal Mixture ◽  
Development Characteristic ◽  
The Common

The article points out the possibilities of using Hidden Markov model (abbrev. HMM) for estimation of Value at Risk metrics (abbrev. VaR) in sample. For the illustration we use data of the company listed on Prague Stock Exchange in range from January 2011 to June 2016. HMM approach allows us to classify time series into different states based on their development characteristic. Due to a deeper shortage of existing domestic results or comparison studies with advanced volatility governed VaR forecasts we tested HMM with univariate ARMA‑GARCH model based VaR estimates. The common testing via Kupiec and Christoffersen procedures offer generalization that HMM model performs better that volatility based VaR estimation technique in terms of accuracy, even with the simpler HMM with normal‑mixture distribution against previously used GARCH with many types of non‑normal innovations.

scholarly journals Dynamic value at risk estimation for BELEX15

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilija Nikolić-Đorić ◽  
Dragan Đorić
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Long Memory ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Garch Models ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Standardized Residuals

This paper uses RiskMetrics, GARCH and IGARCH models to calculate daily VaR for Belgrade Stock Exchange index BELEX15 returns based on the normal and Student t innovation distribution. In the case of GARCH and IGARCH models VaR values are obtained applying Extreme Value Theory on the standardized residuals. The Kupiec's LR statistics was used to test the accuracy of risk measurement models. The main conclusions are: (1) when modelling value-at-risk it is very important to have a good model for volatility of stock returns; (2) both stationary and integrated GARCH models outperform RiskMetrics in estimating VaR; (3) although long memory volatility is present in the BELEX15 index, IGARCH models cannot outperform GARCH type models in VaR evaluations for this index.

Risk Estimation with a Time-Varying Probability of Zero Returns*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genaro Sucarrat ◽  
Steffen Grønneberg
Keyword(s):  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Natural Generalization ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
New Class ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Special Cases

Abstract The probability of an observed financial return being equal to zero is not necessarily zero, or constant. In ordinary models of financial return, however, for example, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, stochastic volatility, Generalized Autoregressive Score, and continuous-time models, the zero probability is zero, constant, or both, thus frequently resulting in biased risk estimates (volatility, value-at-risk [VaR], expected shortfall [ES], etc.). We propose a new class of models that allows for a time-varying zero probability that can either be stationary or nonstationary. The new class is the natural generalization of ordinary models of financial return, so ordinary models are nested and obtained as special cases. The main properties (e.g., volatility, skewness, kurtosis, VaR, ES) of the new model class are derived as functions of the assumed volatility and zero-probability specifications, and estimation methods are proposed and illustrated. In a comprehensive study of the stocks at New York Stock Exchange, we find extensive evidence of time-varying zero probabilities in daily returns, and an out-of-sample experiment shows that corrected risk estimates can provide significantly better forecasts in a large number of instances.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Portfolio Risk from Conditional Value at Risk Using Monte Carlo Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-380
Author(s):  
Ervin Indarwati ◽  
Rosita Kusumawati
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Risk Measure ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Conditional Value At Risk ◽  
Portfolio Risk ◽  
Portfolio Returns

Portfolio risk shows the large deviations in portfolio returns from expected portfolio returns. Value at Risk (VaR) is one method for determining the maximum risk of loss of a portfolio or an asset based on a certain probability and time. There are three methods to estimate VaR, namely variance-covariance, historical, and Monte Carlo simulations. One disadvantage of VaR is that it is incoherent because it does not have sub-additive properties. Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is a coherent or related risk measure and has a sub-additive nature which indicates that the loss on the portfolio is smaller or equal to the amount of loss of each asset. CVaR can provide loss information above the maximum loss. Estimating portfolio risk from the CVaR value using Monte Carlo simulation and its application to PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (BBNI.JK) and PT. Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk (BBTN.JK) will be discussed in this study.  The  daily  closing  price  of  each  BBNI  and BBTN share from 6 January 2019 to 30 December 2019 is used to measure the CVaR of the two banks' stock portfolios with this Monte Carlo simulation. The steps taken are determining the return value of assets, testing the normality of return of assets, looking for risk measures of returning assets that form a normally distributed portfolio, simulate the return of assets with monte carlo, calculate portfolio weights, looking for returns portfolio, calculate the quartile of portfolio return as a VaR value, and calculate the average loss above the VaR value as a CVaR value. The results of portfolio risk estimation of the value of CVaR using Monte Carlo simulation on PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk and PT. Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk at a confidence level of 90%, 95%, and 99% is 5.82%, 6.39%, and 7.1% with a standard error of 0.58%, 0.59%, and 0.59%. If the initial funds that will be invested in this portfolio are illustrated at Rp 100,000,000, it can be interpreted that the maximum possible risk that investors will receive in the future will not exceed Rp 5,820,000, Rp 6,390,000 and Rp 7,100,000 at the significant level 90%, 95%, and 99%

scholarly journals Value-at-Risk Estimation of Equity Market Risk in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jitender
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Market Risk ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
Distributed Models

Abstract The value-at-risk (Va) method in market risk management is becoming a benchmark for measuring “market risk” for any financial instrument. The present study aims at examining which VaR model best describes the risk arising out of the Indian equity market (Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex). Using data from 2006 to 2015, the VaR figures associated with parametric (variance–covariance, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average, Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) and non-parametric (historical simulation and Monte Carlo simulation) methods have been calculated. The study concludes that VaR models based on the assumption of normality underestimate the risk when returns are non-normally distributed. Models that capture fat-tailed behaviour of financial returns (historical simulation) are better able to capture the risk arising out of the financial instrument.

scholarly journals Return distribution and value at risk estimation for BELEX15

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Djoric ◽  
Emilija Nikolic-Djoric
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Return Distribution ◽  
Model Accuracy ◽  
Confidence Levels

The aim of this paper is to find distributions that adequately describe returns of the Belgrade Stock Exchange index BELEX15. The sample period covers 1067 trading days from 4 October 2005 to 25 December 2009. The obtained models were considered in estimating Value at Risk ( VaR ) at various confidence levels. Evaluation of VaR model accuracy was based on Kupiec likelihood ratio test.

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