scholarly journals Macros to Quantify Exosome Release and Autophagy at the Neuromuscular Junction of Drosophila Melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Sanchez-Mirasierra ◽  
Sergio Hernandez-Diaz ◽  
Saurav Ghimire ◽  
Carla Montecinos-Oliva ◽  
Sandra-Fausia Soukup
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Automatic Quantification ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Confocal Images ◽  
Microscopy Images ◽  
Rapid Tool

Automatic quantification of image parameters is a powerful and necessary tool to explore and analyze crucial cell biological processes. This article describes two ImageJ/Fiji automated macros to approach the analysis of synaptic autophagy and exosome release from 2D confocal images. Emerging studies point out that exosome biogenesis and autophagy share molecular and organelle components. Indeed, the crosstalk between these two processes may be relevant for brain physiology, neuronal development, and the onset/progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, we describe here the macros “Autophagoquant” and “Exoquant” to assess the quantification of autophagosomes and exosomes at the neuronal presynapse of the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) in Drosophila melanogaster using confocal microscopy images. The Drosophila NMJ is a valuable model for the study of synapse biology, autophagy, and exosome release. By use of Autophagoquant and Exoquant, researchers can have an unbiased, standardized, and rapid tool to analyze autophagy and exosomal release in Drosophila NMJ.Code available at: https://github.com/IreneSaMi/Exoquant-Autophagoquant

Apoptosis and development

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin V McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process used by multicellular organisms to developmentally regulate cell number or to eliminate cells that are potentially detrimental to the organism. The large diversity of regulators of apoptosis in mammalian cells and their numerous interactions complicate the analysis of their individual functions, particularly in development. The remarkable conservation of apoptotic mechanisms across species has allowed the genetic pathways of apoptosis determined in lower species, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, to act as models for understanding the biology of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Though many components of the apoptotic pathway are conserved between species, the use of additional model organisms has revealed several important differences and supports the use of model organisms in deciphering complex biological processes such as apoptosis.

scholarly journals Glial cells in neuronal development: recent advances and insights from Drosophila melanogaster

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayao Ou ◽  
Yijing He ◽  
Xi Xiao ◽  
Tian-Ming Yu ◽  
Changyan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Recent Advances

scholarly journals A novel exosome biogenesis mechanism: multivesicular structures budding and rupturing at the plasma membrane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Leon Quinonez ◽  
Ian R. Brown ◽  
Helen E. Grimsley ◽  
Jindrich Cinatl ◽  
Martin Michaelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Association ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Typical Morphology ◽  
Intercellular Signalling ◽  
Microscopy Images

AbstractExosomes are small vesicles secreted by the cells, which mediate intercellular signalling and systemic physiological processes. Exosomes are known to originate from the intraluminal vesicles of the multivesicular endosome that fuses with the plasma membrane. We found that the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, HCC15 and A549, secreted exosomes with typical morphology and protein contents. Unexpectedly, transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the cells formed multivesicular structures that protruded from the plasma membrane and ruptured to release the exosomes. There were smooth multivesicular structures surrounded by an ordinary looking membrane, multivesicular structures coated by an electron dense layer with regular spacing pattern, and intermediate forms that combined elements of both. Electron microscopy images suggested that exosomes are release from these structures by burst events and not by the conventional fusion process. The molecular details of this novel mechanism for membrane association, deformation and fusion is to be unveiled in the future.

scholarly journals Perlecan regulates bidirectional Wnt signaling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction

2013 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kamimura ◽  
Kohei Ueno ◽  
Jun Nakagawa ◽  
Rie Hamada ◽  
Minoru Saitoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Bidirectional Signaling ◽  
Synaptic Boutons ◽  
Signaling Activity

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of Wnt signaling activity in several tissues. At the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ), Wnt/Wingless (Wg) regulates the formation of both pre- and postsynaptic structures; however, the mechanism balancing such bidirectional signaling remains elusive. In this paper, we demonstrate that mutations in the gene of a secreted HSPG, perlecan/trol, resulted in diverse postsynaptic defects and overproduction of synaptic boutons at NMJ. The postsynaptic defects, such as reduction in subsynaptic reticulum (SSR), were rescued by the postsynaptic activation of the Frizzled nuclear import Wg pathway. In contrast, overproduction of synaptic boutons was suppressed by the presynaptic down-regulation of the canonical Wg pathway. We also show that Trol was localized in the SSR and promoted postsynaptic accumulation of extracellular Wg proteins. These results suggest that Trol bidirectionally regulates both pre- and postsynaptic activities of Wg by precisely distributing Wg at the NMJ.

scholarly journals Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houssam Aheget ◽  
María Tristán-Manzano ◽  
Loubna Mazini ◽  
Marina Cortijo-Gutierrez ◽  
Pablo Galindo-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Production Techniques

Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.

scholarly journals Arg206 of SNAP-25 is essential for neuroexocytosis at the Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junction

2010 ◽  
Vol 123 (19) ◽  
pp. 3276-3283 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Megighian ◽  
M. Scorzeto ◽  
D. Zanini ◽  
S. Pantano ◽  
M. Rigoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction

scholarly journals AdamTS‐A Developmental Function in Neuronal Development and Migration in Drosophila Melanogaster

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Romero ◽  
Yi Zhu ◽  
Beth Wilson ◽  
James Skeath
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
And Migration
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document