scholarly journals CD Imaging at High Spatial Resolution at Diamond B23 Beamline: Evolution and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohanah Hussain ◽  
Tamás Jávorfi ◽  
Giuliano Siligardi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Dichroism ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Linear Birefringence ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Chiroptical Property ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Quartz Substrates

Circular Dichroism imaging in the 190–650 nm spectral region pionered at Diamond Light Source B23 beamline, has been made possible by the highly collimated microbeam generated at the beamline and has been used to study the homogeneity of the supramolecular structures of thin films of chiral materials deposited on fused quartz substrates. This facility has been expanded with the installation of a Mueller Matrix Polarimeter, MMP, coupled to the beamlight, of which a preliminary data will be discussed. In the solid state, the measurement of CD related to the supramolecular structure is hampered by the presence of circular birefringence, linear dichroism, and linear birefringence that can only be evaluated using the MMP technique. The ability to characterize the chiroptical property of thin chiral films prepared under a variety of conditions and protocols such as drop cast, spin coating, spray at different temperatures and concentrations will enable the determination of the critical parameters for reproducible, uniform and homogeneous specimen preparation, which is the sine qua non for any commercial application. This is of particular importance for optoelectronic materials, but it can also be extended to a broad variety of materials with applications from biosensors to biological tissues.

On the High Voltage Electron Microscopy (1 MeV) of Biological Thick Sections

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 464-465
Author(s):  
William H. Massover
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron

Stereoscopic examination of thick sections of fixed and embedded biological tissues by high voltage electron microscopy has been shown to allow direct visualization of three-dimensional fine structure. The present report will consider the occurrence of some new technical problems in specimen preparation and Image interpretation that are not common during lower voltage studies of thin sections.Thick Sectioning and Tissue Coloration - Epon sections of 0.5 μm or more that are cut with glass knives do not have a uniform thickness as Judged by their interference colors; these colors change with time during their flotation on the knife bath, and again when drying onto the specimen support. Quoted thicknesses thus must be considered only as rough estimates unless measured in specific regions by other methods. Chloroform vapors do not always result in good spreading of thick sections; however, they will spread spontaneously to large degrees after resting on the flotation bath for several minutes. Ribbons of thick sections have been almost impossible to obtain.

Cutting Force and Temperature Variation in Bone Drilling - A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turnad Lenggo Ginta ◽  
Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Coolant Delivery ◽  
Drill Design

Orthopaedic surgery procedure widely utilizes bone drilling in the work for correcting bone fracture and attaching prosthetics. Clean and accurately positioned holes are desired during bone drilling without damaging the surrounding tissues. However, bone temperature rises during drilling. It is always required to keep the temperature during drilling below 47 °C to avoid thermal osteonecrosis (bone cell death), which might lead to a loose of bone-implant interface. Drill design, drill parameters, and coolant delivery were believed to contribute to heat generation. As complex anisotropic biological tissues, determining the bone temperature during drilling is another issue. Complex mechanical and thermological properties are also other problems to be investigated due to the sensitivity to testing and specimen preparation.

scholarly journals Annealing Effect on Seebeck Coefficient of SiGe Thin Films Deposited on Quartz Substrate

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1435
Author(s):  
Kaneez Fatima ◽  
Hadia Noor ◽  
Adnan Ali ◽  
Eduard Monakhov ◽  
Muhammad Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Seebeck Coefficient ◽  
Silicon Germanium ◽  
Quartz Substrate ◽  
Rf Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Power Factor ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
P Type ◽  
Quartz Substrates

Over the past few years, thermoelectrics have gained interest with regard to thermoelectricity interconversion. The improvement in the efficiency of the thermoelectric material at an ambient temperature is the main problem of research. In this work, silicon–germanium (SiGe) thin films, owing to superior properties such as nontoxicity, high stability, and their integrability with silicon technologies, were studied for thermoelectric applications. P-type SiGe thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by DC/RF magnetron sputtering and annealed at three different temperatures for 1 hour. Significant enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient was achieved for the sample annealed at 670 °C. A high power factor of 4.1 μWcm−1K−2 was obtained at room temperature.

scholarly journals Spatial-Frequency Azimuthally Stable Cartography of Biological Polycrystalline Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Ushenko ◽  
N. D. Pavlyukovich ◽  
L. Trifonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Optical Activity ◽  
Polarization Plane ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Beam Polarization ◽  
Linear Birefringence ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Anisotropic Structures

A new azimuthally stable polarimetric technique processing microscopic images of optically anisotropic structures of biological tissues histological sections is proposed. It has been used as a generalized model of phase anisotropy definition of biological tissues by using superposition of Mueller matrices of linear birefringence and optical activity. The matrix elementM44has been chosen as the main information parameter, whose value is independent of the rotation angle of both sample and probing beam polarization plane. For the first time, the technique of concerted spatial-frequency filtration has been used in order to separate the manifestation of linear birefringence and optical activity. Thereupon, the method of azimuthally stable spatial-frequency cartography of biological tissues histological sections has been elaborated. As the analyzing tool, complex statistic, correlation, and fractal analysis of coordinate distributions ofM44element has been performed. The possibility of using the biopsy of the uterine wall tissue in order to differentiate benign (fibromyoma) and malignant (adenocarcinoma) conditions has been estimated.

scholarly journals Determination of the Faraday rotation perpendicular to the optical axis in uniaxial CeF3 crystal by using the Generalized-High Accuracy Universal Polarimeter

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Nakagawa ◽  
Toru Asahi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Faraday Rotation ◽  
Magnetic Circular Dichroism ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Linear Dichroism ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Linear Birefringence ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Optical Isolators

AbstractMany single crystals have been developed and commercialized for optical isolators. However, optical isolator materials have been limited to isotropic crystals or to the isotropic direction (optic axis) of anisotropic crystals. This study investigates the wavelength dependences of linear birefringence, linear dichroism, Faraday rotation and magnetic-circular dichroism in a single crystal rare-earth fluoride, namely CeF3. Measurements were made in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis under an applied magnetic field. The magnetic field was generated by Nd-Fe-B magnets installed in the generalized-high accuracy universal polarimeter (G-HAUP). The first application of G-HAUP to a magneto-optical material is presented. In the CeF3 crystal, the Verdet constants along directions parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis were positive over the measured wavelength region (300–680 nm), and their magnitudes were nearly equal. The success in the accurate measurement on Faraday rotation along anisotropic directions has opened the way to study on optical isolators along the direction other than optic axis.

Influence of Post-annealing Temperature on the Properties of Ti-Doped In2O3 Transparent Conductive Films by DC Ratio-frequency Sputtering

2011 ◽  
Vol 1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Chengjun Dong ◽  
JiaJia Cao ◽  
Jingmin Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Conductive Films ◽  
Post Annealing ◽  
Average Optical Transmittance ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Quartz Substrates ◽  
Post Annealing Temperature ◽  
Deposited Films ◽  
Lower Resistivity

ABSTRACTIn this paper, titanium doped (2 wt. %) indium oxide (TIO) thin films deposited on quartz substrates by DC sputtering were presented. Dealt with different temperatures from 420°C to 620°C of post-annealing in vacuum for 40 minuets, the samples display different optical and electric properties. The deposited films exhibited polycrystalline in the preferred (222) and (440) orientation, with higher mobility (up to 48.6 cm2/VS) and lower resistivity (1.26 ×10-4Ω·cm) at the post-annealing temperature of 520°C. The average optical transmittance of the films is over 92% in a wavelength range from 300 to 1100 nm and the transmittance has only around 1.8% change with different post-annealing temperatures.

scholarly journals Gas liquid equilibrium prediction of system (CO2-aqueous ethanol) at moderate pressure and different temperatures using PR-EOS

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasim Hadi ◽  
Ghassan Hadi ◽  
Ghazi Najmuldeen ◽  
Iqbal Ahmed ◽  
Syed Hasany
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Mixing Rules ◽  
Moderate Pressure ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Liquid Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Different Temperatures

One of the most important design considerations which should not be ignored during the equipment designing for some industrial purpose is vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE). Thus, in chemical engineering, the first step is the computation of VLE properties of materials by employing Equation of state (EOS). In this study, we have used a thermodynamic model which was established for binary system of carbon dioxide (1)-(2) solubility of CO2 in aqueous ethanol and it was employed to estimate the gas-liquid equilibrium at moderate pressures (till 6 bar) and varying temperatures (288 K to 323 K). Peng-Robinson EOS was employed to determine the VLE properties. Mixing rules such as vanderWaals and quadratic mixing rules were also used for the determination of ethanol-water mixture critical parameters which entails the pseudo-critical method as one component and results obtained from this study were similar to the ones reported in recent literature for empirical phase equilibrium studies.

Shelf-life of Almond Pastry Cookies with Different Types of Packaging and Levels of Temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.V. Romeo ◽  
S. De Luca ◽  
A. Piscopo ◽  
V. Santisi ◽  
M. Poiana
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Almond pastries are typical cookies of the south of Italy. Introduction of new packaging for this kind of cookies requires shelf-life assessments. This study, related to different types of packaging under various storage conditions of time and temperature, identifies critical parameters, as color and texture, to track during storage studies and to extend the shelf-life. The cookies were packed in three different ways and stored at two different temperatures. The pastries were separately stored: (1) in polyvinylchloride film; (2) in aluminum foil (ALL); (3) with modified atmosphere (MAP) in plastic vessels sealed into a polyamide/ polyethylene film; and (4) in vessels without any polymeric film. The storage temperatures were 20 and 30 °C. Evolution of texture, water activity, dry matter and color was assessed. Texture was evaluated by a texture analyzer with a puncturing test. Indices for hardening were the area under the curve (N × mm) up to 10 mm of distance, and the maximum force (N) corresponding to the crust fracture. The best results were obtained with ALL packaging and MAP condition, and above all, in all the trials a temperature of 30 °C reduced the crust hardness.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE OXIDATION OF Cu THIN FILMS PREPARED BY THERMAL EVAPORATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350011 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUOZHONG LAI ◽  
HUIQING LAN ◽  
SUANZHI LIN ◽  
YAN QU ◽  
FACHUN LAI
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Thermal Evaporation ◽  
Oxide Films ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Optical Dielectric ◽  
Mixed Layers ◽  
Quartz Substrates

Copper films with 87 nm thickness were deposited on quartz substrates by thermal evaporation. In order to investigate the oxidation process, the Cu films were oxidized at different temperatures in air with different durations to obtain the complete and uncompleted copper oxide films. The structure and optical properties of the samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometer, respectively. It is found that the sample oxidized at 220°C for 200 min is Cu2O film with 106 nm thickness. Both the transmittance and reflectance of the samples increase with the increase of oxidation duration. The optical constants of the Cu film and the Cu2O film were retrieved by simulating the reflectance or transmittance based on the optical dielectric models. The optical constants of the Cu and Cu2O mixed layer with different composition were calculated by the effective medium theories. Adjusting the mixed layers composition and thickness, and Cu2O layer thickness, the transmittance and reflectance of the uncompleted oxidation films were simulated by optical multilayer design software. The results show that the uncompleted oxidation films consist of the Cu and Cu2O mixed layers and Cu2O layer. According to the parabolic rate law, the increase rate of Cu2O layer thickness for the uncompleted oxide films at 200°C is 1.6 nm s-1/2.

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