scholarly journals The Psychophysiological Experience of Solving Moral Dilemmas Together: An Interdisciplinary Comparison Between Participants With and Without Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmi Koskinen ◽  
Samuel Tuhkanen ◽  
Milla Järvensivu ◽  
Enikö Savander ◽  
Taina Valkeapää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Behavioral Patterns

Dyads with a depressed and a non-depressed participant (N = 15) and two non-depressed participants (N = 15) discussed a moral dilemma, during which the participants’ gaze direction and skin conductance (SC) were measured. Partner gazing occurred most frequently when a speaker took a strong stance toward saving a person in the dilemma, depressed participants however looking at their co-participants less often than non-depressed participants. The participants’ SC response rates were higher during responsive utterances expressing disagreement (vs. agreement) with co-participant ideas or suggesting that a person be sacrificed (vs. saved). We argue that a better understanding of the affective corollaries of human social interaction necessitates a balanced consideration of both contents of talk and behavioral patterns.

scholarly journals Effects of 25 mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain: a randomized controlled experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 160607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Armita Golkar ◽  
Karolina Sörman ◽  
Katarina Howner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled Experiment

Emotional mimicry and empathy are mechanisms underlying social interaction. Benzodiazepines have been proposed to inhibit empathy and promote antisocial behaviour. First, we aimed to investigate the effects of oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain, and second, we aimed to investigate the association of personality traits to emotional mimicry and empathy. Participants ( n =76) were randomized to 25 mg oxazepam or placebo. Emotional mimicry was examined using video clips with emotional expressions. Empathy was investigated by pain stimulating the participant and a confederate. We recorded self-rated experience, activity in major zygomatic and superciliary corrugator muscles, skin conductance, and heart rate. In the mimicry experiment, oxazepam inhibited corrugator activity. In the empathy experiment, oxazepam caused increased self-rated unpleasantness and skin conductance. However, oxazepam specifically inhibited neither emotional mimicry nor empathy for pain. Responses in both experiments were associated with self-rated empathic, psychopathic and alexithymic traits. The present results do not support a specific effect of 25 mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry or empathy.

scholarly journals Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Intervention, and Counseling Needs of the Families in Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Emad Mohammad ali ◽  
Fatimah eid ziad Al- Adwan ◽  
Yazan M. Al-Naimat
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Counseling Needs

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most confusing disorders for which not only no exact cause has been identified, but also no definitive cure has been found yet. Autism is a disorder that is usually observed on the child at an early age, affecting various developmental aspects. Its development is abnormal. It shows an imbalance in its social interaction, characterized by repetition of certain behavioral patterns and challenges in verbal and nonverbal communication with others. Over the last few decades, its prevalence showed a dramatic rise; an observation that encouraged many researchers across the globe to try to explore all its aspects from etiology to diagnosis and intervention. Because of the difficulties in teaching children with autism, the families in Jordan encounter many challenges and stresses. This paper discusses the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, treatment, types and the counseling needs of the families in Jordan.

Innoveadership

2017 ◽  
pp. 282-295
Author(s):  
Ahmet Hakan Yüksel
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Leadership And Management ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Complexity Thinking ◽  
Mechanistic View

Scholars in the field of management studies are not reticent about how lively is the correlation between leadership and innovation. Given the pervasiveness of mechanistic view of organizations in the last century, this correlation was supposed to be entertained by the leaders who possessed certain personal traits and displayed behavioral patterns relevant for their followers. However, in an age of interconnectedness, leadership calls for more than leaders are capable to afford. Leadership should be acknowledged as an inter-relational social component, which is inherently embedded in each and every social interaction in the organization. Innovation, therefore, is embodied in the sum of all the interaction. This conceptual chapter intends to merge leadership and innovation and coins the term innoveadership to demonstrate their intertwined nature. Innoveadership could be described as a conflation of constructs postulated by leading scholars in the field of leadership and management studies within the contextual climate of complexity thinking.

Moral dilemmas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Nair
Keyword(s):  
Moral Theory ◽  
Deontic Logic ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ought Implies Can ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Course Of Action

A moral dilemma is a situation where an agent’s obligations conflict. Debate in this area focuses on the question of whether genuine moral dilemmas exist. This question involves considering not only the nature and significance of dilemmas, but also the connections between dilemmas, the logic of obligation and moral emotions. Certain cases involving difficult choices suggest that moral dilemmas exist. These cases also suggest that dilemmas are significant because they show that moral theory cannot help with these choices. If this is right, morality may be unimportant because it may be a system of inconsistent rules that cannot be used as a guide that tells us what to do. But this understanding of the cases is disputable. Perhaps the cases show that agents can be ignorant about what they ought to do. Or perhaps dilemmas are not significant because moral theory tells agents to do the most important of their obligations. On the other hand, principles from the logic of obligation or deontic logic can be used to argue against the existence of moral dilemmas. Principles of deontic logic such as the ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ principle and the agglomeration principle, which says that if you ought to do a and ought to do b, then you ought to do a and b, taken together with the assumption that moral dilemmas exist, turn out to entail a contradiction. This means that one of these principles must be given up, or else it must be the case that moral dilemmas do not exist. Careful consideration of the moral emotions has suggested that dilemmas do exist. It is appropriate for agents to feel guilt only if they ought to have done otherwise. In cases involving difficult choices, it is appropriate to feel guilt no matter what course of action is taken. This suggests that such cases involve genuine dilemmas.

scholarly journals Virtue ethics: an approach to moral dilemmas in nursing

Curationis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Arries
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Whistle Blowing ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
The One

Nurses are increasingly confronted with situations of moral difficulty, such as not to feed terminally ill patients, whistle blowing, or participation in termination of pregnancy. Most of these moral dilemmas are often analyzed using the principle-based approach which applies the four moral principles of justice, autonomy, beneficence, and nonmalificence. In some instances, consequentialism is considered, but these frameworks have their limitations. Their limitations has to do with a consideration for the interpersonal nature of clinical nursing practice on the one hand, and is not always clear on how to judge which consequences are best on the other hand. When principles are in conflict it is not always easy to decide which principle should dominate. Furthermore, these frameworks do not take into account the importance of the interpersonal and emotional element of human experience. On the contrary, decision making about moral issues in healthcare demands that nurses exercise rational control over emotions. This clearly focuses the attention on the nurse as moral agent and in particular their character. In this article I argue that virtue ethics as an approach, which focus of the character of a person, might provide a more holistic analysis of moral dilemmas in nursing and might facilitate more flexible and creative solutions when combined with other theories of moral decision-making. Advancing this argument, firstly, I provide the central features of virtue ethics. Secondly I describe a story in which a moral dilemma is evident. Lastly I apply virtue ethics as an approach to this moral dilemma and in particular focusing on the virtues inherent in the nurse as moral agent in the story.

scholarly journals A naturalistic paradigm simulating gaze-based social interactions for the investigation of social agency

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1044-1055
Author(s):  
Marie-Luise Brandi ◽  
Daniela Kaifel ◽  
Juha M. Lahnakoski ◽  
Leonhard Schilbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Social Agency ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Real Person

Abstract Sense of agency describes the experience of being the cause of one’s own actions and the resulting effects. In a social interaction, one’s actions may also have a perceivable effect on the actions of others. In this article, we refer to the experience of being responsible for the behavior of others as social agency, which has important implications for the success or failure of social interactions. Gaze-contingent eyetracking paradigms provide a useful tool to analyze social agency in an experimentally controlled manner, but the current methods are lacking in terms of their ecological validity. We applied this technique in a novel task using video stimuli of real gaze behavior to simulate a gaze-based social interaction. This enabled us to create the impression of a live interaction with another person while being able to manipulate the gaze contingency and congruency shown by the simulated interaction partner in a continuous manner. Behavioral data demonstrated that participants believed they were interacting with a real person and that systematic changes in the responsiveness of the simulated partner modulated the experience of social agency. More specifically, gaze contingency (temporal relatedness) and gaze congruency (gaze direction relative to the participant’s gaze) influenced the explicit sense of being responsible for the behavior of the other. In general, our study introduces a new naturalistic task to simulate gaze-based social interactions and demonstrates that it is suitable to studying the explicit experience of social agency.

The Development of Moral Behavior: Continuities and Discontinuities

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chandler ◽  
Michael Siegel ◽  
Michael Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Joint Product ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship

A conceptual framework and supporting research findings are presented which are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between moral judgment and moral action. A transactional model, based in part upon the earlier work of Piaget, is outlined. Within this framework, the outcome of moral deliberation is viewed as the joint product of an individual's current level of cognitive complexity and the structural complexity of the moral dilemma which he or she must arbitrate. In this context cognitive development level is assumed to predict concrete behavioral choices whenever individuals are at least as complex as are the moral alternatives which confront them. In order to test this hypothesis, children at three levels of conceptual maturity were presented with six dilemmas, representing all pairwise combinations of rituals, rules and principles, and were required to formulate specific plans of action to resolve these conflicts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis and show a significant interaction between the structural complexity of moral dilemmas and cognitive complexity of persons who attempt to resolve them.

The Wounded Prisoner: A Comparative Study on American and Vietnamese Students’ Perceptions of Moral Dilemmas

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Byford ◽  
Sean M. Lennon ◽  
Nguyen Ngoc Anh ◽  
Sherrie Hopper ◽  
Dang Thi Vuong Nga
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Historical Empathy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
Affective Domains

Throughout time, both American and Vietnamese educators have sought ways to teach both the complexity of war and the ability to teach contradicting views when presented in moral dilemmas. As the year's pass and political and economic relations between the two countries grow, the exploration of war-related moral dilemmas, which unfolded during the Vietnam War, is openly discussed and encouraged. Despite not directly affected by the war, students from both countries have differing interpretations, expressing an individual and potentially contradicting view and perception when presented in the form of a moral dilemma. This research intended to investigate how American and Vietnamese students’ reasons and reactions to a war-related moral dilemma through a fictional wartime scenario. Integrating the cognitive and affective domains through historical empathy, the study suggested that while both American and Vietnamese often selected morally ‘easy’ or popular choices amongst their peers, some students experienced great difficulty justifying their actions.

scholarly journals Adolescent Concepts of Responsibility in Different Types of Moral Dilemmas

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Molchanov ◽  
O.V. Almazova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The paper presents results of an empirical study of adolescents' concepts of responsibility in different types of moral dilemmas characterized by violations of moral norms. The study proved that the type of moral dilemma and the context of interaction of its participants determine the adolescents' readiness to recognize the responsibility of the main character of the dilemma for violating the norm. In dilemmas of asocial type adolescents are more willing to recognize the responsibility of the offender whose behavior leads to obvious damage for one of the participants in the interaction. As for prosocial dilemmas and dilemmas of confronting norms, adolescents tend to deny the responsibility of the offender. The paper provides a comparative analysis of empirically identified types of adolescent concepts of responsibility, including the differentiated responsibility with egoistic orientation, high responsibility, low responsibility and ‘polar’ responsibility. The authors highlight the ambiguity of the relationship between adolescents’ evaluation of behavior, their readiness to recognize responsibility in moral transgression, and their judgment about the necessity of punishment. The paper concludes with the discussion concerning the relationship between the level of development of moral judgments/moral reasoning and the concepts of responsibility in adolescents.

Dealing with Moral Dilemmas in Psychotherapy: The Relevance of Moral Case Deliberation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy A. M. Widdershoven ◽  
Andrea M. Ruissen
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Ethics Consultation ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Martha Nussbaum ◽  
Moral Case Deliberation ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Case ◽  
Dilemma Method

This chapter addresses the nature of moral issues in psychotherapy, and the way in which psychotherapists can be supported in dealing with them. It first explains the notion of moral dilemma, making use of the work of the philosopher Martha Nussbaum. Next it addresses Moral Case Deliberation (MCD) as an approach to support healthcare professionals. In MCD, a group of healthcare professionals deliberates on a moral issue in a concrete case. The deliberation is guided by a facilitator, who applies a deliberation method. The method presented here is the Dilemma Method. The chapter provides an example of a deliberation on a case in psychotherapy, concerning a patient with a request for euthanasia. It also describes experienced effects of MCD, and compares the approach with ethics consultation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document