scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry of Hot Springs and the 2018 Mojiang M 5.9 Earthquake-Related Chemical Changes in the Simao Basin, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilin Li ◽  
Ciping Zhao ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Yiying Zhou ◽  
Hua Ran
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Deep Faults ◽  
Saline Springs ◽  
Hydrogeochemical Variations ◽  
Saline Spring

The Simao Basin is characterized by strong tectonic activity and frequent seismicity. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics of 21 thermal springs in the Simao Basin from 2018 to 2020. In this study period, the 2018 Mojiang M5.9 earthquake caused several hydrochemical changes. The results indicate that the Simao Basin contained saline spring waters, HCO3−-rich spring waters, and SO42−-rich spring waters. In the study area, the water chemistry types were controlled by stratum lithology. Saline springs flowed through red beds and dissolved large amounts of halite, which is a rich source of Cl−and Na+ ions. In the hot spring waters, Ca2+ (Mg2+) and HCO3− were mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, gypsum, and anhydrite of Triassic rocks. The higher SO42- content in the hot spring waters was caused by the pyrite present in Ailaoshan metamorphic rocks. The reservoir temperatures (121–289 °C) in the Simao Basin were estimated by the silica-enthalpy mixing model equation and the silica-enthalpy diagram. The hot springs had higher reservoir temperatures (>250 °C) and were mainly located at the edges of the basin. Metamorphic rocks exposed in the region had low permeabilities and these springs was close to nearby deep faults that provided deep heat. In most springs, the concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3− ions increased obviously before the 2018 Mojiang M5.9 earthquake; however, the concentrations of these ions decreased after the earthquake. The hydrogeochemical variations might be attributed to the vigorous water-rock interactions and the mixing of secondary fluids. The entry of cold shallow groundwater caused changes in the reservoir temperatures of some spring samples.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry of Hot Springs and the 2018 Mojiang M 5.9 Earthquake-Related Chemical Changes in the Simao Basin, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilin Li ◽  
Ciping Zhao ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Yiying Zhou ◽  
Hua Ran
Keyword(s):  
Model Equation ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Deep Faults ◽  
Saline Springs ◽  
Hydrogeochemical Variations ◽  
Saline Spring

Abstract Due to strong tectonic activity, the Simao Basin frequently experiences earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or greater. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics of 21 thermal springs in the Simao Basin from 2018 to 2020 to determine how the 2018 Mojiang M5.9 earthquake caused hydrochemical changes. The results showed that the Simao Basin contained saline spring waters, HCO3−-rich spring waters, and SO42−-rich spring waters. Stratum lithology characteristics in the area exerted obvious control over the water chemistry characteristics. Saline springs flowed through red beds and dissolved large amounts of halite, which is rich with Cl−and Na+. Ca2+ (Mg2+) and HCO3− in the hot spring waters were mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, gypsum, and anhydrite in Triassic rocks. The higher SO42− content in the hot spring waters was influenced by pyrite contained in Ailaoshan metamorphic rocks. The reservoir temperatures (121–289° C) in the Simao Basin were estimated by the silica-enthalpy mixing model equation and silica-enthalpy diagram. The hot springs with higher reservoir temperatures (> 250° C) were mainly located at the edges of the basin, which may correlate with nearby deep faults that provided deep heat and metamorphic rocks with low permeabilities. The concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3− in most springs increased obviously before the Mojiang M5.9 earthquake but decreased after the earthquake. Changes also occurred in the reservoir temperatures of some spring samples. These hydrogeochemical variations might be attributable to accelerated water-rock interactions and/or the mixing of second fluids due to the earthquake.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical characteristics of the hot spring waters in the Kangding district related to the Lushan <i>M</i><sub>S</sub> 7.0 earthquake in Sichuan, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 7293-7308
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
J. Du ◽  
C. Xie ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Lushan Earthquake ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Deep Earth ◽  
Precipitation Water

Abstract. Hydrogeochemistry of 10 hot springs in the Kangding district was investigated by analyzing cation and anion concentrations of the spring waters. The water samples were collected within 5 days after the Lushan earthquake. The spring waters are classified into 7 chemical types based on the hydrochemical compositions. Comparison with the hydrochemical data before the Lushan earthquake, concentrations of Ca2+, HCO3− and TDS of the waters from the Guanding, Erdaoqiao, Gonghe, Erhaoying, Tianwanhe and Caoke springs evidently increased, which resulted from enhancing interaction between deep-earth fluids and carbonate rocks by the increment of dissolved CO2 in the groundwater. Concentrations of Na+, Cl− and SO42− of the waters from the Guanding, zheduotang, Xinxing and Gonghe springs were decreased, indicating dilution of precipitation water. Concentrations of Na+ and SO42− of the Erhaoying spring water increased, which may be attributed to the more supplement of fluids enriched in sulfur. The results indicate that hydrochemical components of spring water can be used as an effective indicator for earthquakes.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical characteristics of hot spring waters in the Kangding district related to the Lushan <i>M</i><sub>S</sub> = 7.0 earthquake in Sichuan, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
J. Du ◽  
C. Xie ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Carbonate Rock ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Abstract. Hydrogeochemistry of 10 hot springs in the Kangding district was investigated by analyzing cation and anion concentrations in the spring water. The water samples were collected in the 5 days after the Lushan MS = 7.0 earthquake, which occurred on 20 April 2013. The spring waters are classified into seven chemical types based on their hydrochemical compositions. Compared with hydrochemical data before the Lushan earthquake, concentrations of Ca2+, HCO3- and total dissolved solid (TDS) in water samples from the Guanding, Erdaoqiao, Gonghe, Erhaoying, Tianwanhe and Caoke springs significantly increased, which may be the result of a greater increase in groundwater from carbonate rocks, and water–carbonate rock interactions, enhanced by the increment of CO2. Concentrations of Na+, Cl- and SO42- in water samples from the Guanding, Zheduotang, Xinxing and Gonghe springs decreased, indicating a dilution of shallow waters. Concentrations of Na+ and SO42- in water samples from the Erhaoying spring water increased, which may be attributed to water–granite interactions enhanced by H2S. The results indicated that hydrochemical components of spring water could be used as an effective indicator for earthquakes.

scholarly journals Origin of the low-medium temperature hot springs around Nanjing, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 820-834
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Zhifang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Water ◽  
Geological Condition ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Karst Landform ◽  
Karst Landforms ◽  
Development And Management

Abstract The exploration of the origin of hot spring is the basis of its development and utilization. There are many low-medium temperature hot springs in Nanjing and its surrounding karst landform areas, such as the Tangshan, Tangquan, Lunshan, and Xiangquan hot springs. This article discusses the origin characters of the Lunshan hot spring with geological condition analysis, hydrogeochemical data, and isotope data. The results show that the hot water is SO4–Ca type in Lunshan area, and the cation content of SO4 is high, which are related to the deep hydrogeological conditions of the circulation in the limestone. Carbonate and anhydrite dissolutions occur in the groundwater circulation process, and they also dominate the water–rock interaction processes in the geothermal reservoir of Lunshan. The hot water rising channels are deeply affected by the NW and SN faults. Schematic diagrams of the conceptual model of the geothermal water circulation in Lunshan are plotted. The origin of Tangshan, Tangquan, and Xiangquan hot springs are similar to the Lunshan hot spring. In general, the geothermal water in karst landforms around Nanjing mainly runs through the carbonate rock area and is exposed near the core of the anticlinal structure of karst strata, forming SO4–Ca/SO4–Ca–Mg type hot spring with the water temperature less than 60°C. The characters of the hot springs around Nanjing are similar, which are helpful for the further research, development, and management of the geothermal water resources in this region.

scholarly journals Radon Activity Concentrations in Natural Hot Spring Water: Dose Assessment and Health Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Eka Djatnika Nugraha ◽  
Masahiro Hosoda ◽  
June Mellawati ◽  
Untara Untara ◽  
Ilsa Rosianna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
West Java

The world community has long used natural hot springs for tourist and medicinal purposes. In Indonesia, the province of West Java, which is naturally surrounded by volcanoes, is the main destination for hot spring tourism. This paper is the first report on radon measurements in tourism natural hot spring water in Indonesia as part of radiation protection for public health. The purpose of this paper is to study the contribution of radon doses from natural hot spring water and thereby facilitate radiation protection for public health. A total of 18 water samples were measured with an electrostatic collection type radon monitor (RAD7, Durridge Co., USA). The concentration of radon in natural hot spring water samples in the West Java region, Indonesia ranges from 0.26 to 31 Bq L−1. An estimate of the annual effective dose in the natural hot spring water area ranges from 0.51 to 0.71 mSv with a mean of 0.60 mSv for workers. Meanwhile, the annual effective dose for the public ranges from 0.10 to 0.14 mSv with an average of 0.12 mSv. This value is within the range of the average committed effective dose from inhalation and terrestrial radiation for the general public, 1.7 mSv annually.

scholarly journals Microbial Diversity of Terrestrial Geothermal Springs in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1473
Author(s):  
Ani Saghatelyan ◽  
Armine Margaryan ◽  
Hovik Panosyan ◽  
Nils-Kåre Birkeland
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Geothermal Springs ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Terrestrial Hot Springs

The microbial diversity of high-altitude geothermal springs has been recently assessed to explore their biotechnological potential. However, little is known regarding the microbiota of similar ecosystems located on the Armenian Highland. This review summarizes the known information on the microbiota of nine high-altitude mineralized geothermal springs (temperature range 25.8–70 °C and pH range 6.0–7.5) in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. All these geothermal springs are at altitudes ranging from 960–2090 m above sea level and are located on the Alpide (Alpine–Himalayan) orogenic belt, a seismically active region. A mixed-cation mixed-anion composition, with total mineralization of 0.5 mg/L, has been identified for these thermal springs. The taxonomic diversity of hot spring microbiomes has been examined using culture-independent approaches, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA gene library construction, 454 pyrosequencing, and Illumina HiSeq. The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes are the predominant life forms in the studied springs. Archaea mainly include the phyla Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota, and comprise less than 1% of the prokaryotic community. Comparison of microbial diversity in springs from Karvachar with that described for other terrestrial hot springs revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Deinococcus–Thermus are the common bacterial groups in terrestrial hot springs. Contemporaneously, specific bacterial and archaeal taxa were observed in different springs. Evaluation of the carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in these hot spring communities has revealed diversity in terms of metabolic activity. Temperature seems to be an important factor in shaping the microbial communities of these springs. Overall, the diversity and richness of the microbiota are negatively affected by increasing temperature. Other abiotic factors, including pH, mineralization, and geological history, also impact the structure and function of the microbial community. More than 130 bacterial and archaeal strains (Bacillus, Geobacillus, Parageobacillus, Anoxybacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus Aeribacillus, Ureibacillus, Thermoactinomyces, Sporosarcina, Thermus, Rhodobacter, Thiospirillum, Thiocapsa, Rhodopseudomonas, Methylocaldum, Desulfomicrobium, Desulfovibrio, Treponema, Arcobacter, Nitropspira, and Methanoculleus) have been reported, some of which may be representative of novel species (sharing 91–97% sequence identity with their closest matches in GenBank) and producers of thermozymes and biomolecules with potential biotechnological applications. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of T. scotoductus K1, as well as of the potentially new Treponema sp. J25 and Anoxybacillus sp. K1, were performed. Most of the phyla identified by 16S rRNA were also identified using metagenomic approaches. Detailed characterization of thermophilic isolates indicate the potential of the studied springs as a source of biotechnologically valuable microbes and biomolecules.

scholarly journals Carbon Source Preference in Chemosynthetic Hot Spring Communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 3834-3847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Urschel ◽  
Michael D. Kubo ◽  
Tori M. Hoehler ◽  
John W. Peters ◽  
Eric S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
National Park ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Acetate Assimilation

ABSTRACTRates of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), formate, and acetate mineralization and/or assimilation were determined in 13 high-temperature (>73°C) hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, in order to evaluate the relative importance of these substrates in supporting microbial metabolism. While 9 of the hot spring communities exhibited rates of DIC assimilation that were greater than those of formate and acetate assimilation, 2 exhibited rates of formate and/or acetate assimilation that exceeded those of DIC assimilation. Overall rates of DIC, formate, and acetate mineralization and assimilation were positively correlated with spring pH but showed little correlation with temperature. Communities sampled from hot springs with similar geochemistries generally exhibited similar rates of substrate transformation, as well as similar community compositions, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene-tagged sequencing. Amendment of microcosms with small (micromolar) amounts of formate suppressed DIC assimilation in short-term (<45-min) incubations, despite the presence of native DIC concentrations that exceeded those of added formate by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The concentration of added formate required to suppress DIC assimilation was similar to the affinity constant (Km) for formate transformation, as determined by community kinetic assays. These results suggest that dominant chemoautotrophs in high-temperature communities are facultatively autotrophic or mixotrophic, are adapted to fluctuating nutrient availabilities, and are capable of taking advantage of energy-rich organic substrates when they become available.

scholarly journals In-Situ Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolic Flexibility of the Thermophilic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexusaggregans in a Hot Spring Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Mat

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Shigeru Kawai ◽  
Joval N. Martinez ◽  
Mads Lichtenberg ◽  
Erik Trampe ◽  
Michael Kühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Photosynthetic Bacterium ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility

Chloroflexus aggregans is a metabolically versatile, thermophilic, anoxygenic phototrophic member of the phylum Chloroflexota (formerly Chloroflexi), which can grow photoheterotrophically, photoautotrophically, chemoheterotrophically, and chemoautotrophically. In hot spring-associated microbial mats, C. aggregans co-exists with oxygenic cyanobacteria under dynamic micro-environmental conditions. To elucidate the predominant growth modes of C. aggregans, relative transcription levels of energy metabolism- and CO2 fixation-related genes were studied in Nakabusa Hot Springs microbial mats over a diel cycle and correlated with microscale in situ measurements of O2 and light. Metatranscriptomic analyses indicated two periods with different modes of energy metabolism of C. aggregans: (1) phototrophy around midday and (2) chemotrophy in the early morning hours. During midday, C. aggregans mainly employed photoheterotrophy when the microbial mats were hyperoxic (400–800 µmol L−1 O2). In the early morning hours, relative transcription peaks of genes encoding uptake hydrogenase, key enzymes for carbon fixation, respiratory complexes as well as enzymes for TCA cycle and acetate uptake suggest an aerobic chemomixotrophic lifestyle. This is the first in situ study of the versatile energy metabolism of C. aggregans based on gene transcription patterns. The results provide novel insights into the metabolic flexibility of these filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs that thrive under dynamic environmental conditions.

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