scholarly journals Torrefaction and Pelleting of Wheat and Barley Straw for Biofuel and Energy Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obiora S. Agu ◽  
Lope G. Tabil ◽  
Edmund Mupondwa ◽  
Bagher Emadi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Fuel Pellet ◽  
Uptake Ratio ◽  
Moisture Uptake ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Energy Applications

Microwave (MW)-assisted torrefaction and pelleting could enhance biomass fuel properties and energy applications. Plastic wastes are considered as a replacement source binder in pellets to minimize their effect on the environment as pollutants. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), an extractable plastic from recycling waste, was investigated as a binder for torrefied wheat and barley straw pellets. Fuel pellet characteristics, such as durability, density, tensile strength, and water absorption, were used to evaluate the pellets produced from a single pelleting test. The results showed that the addition of HDPE as a binder significantly increased the pellet quality in terms of density (686.12–982.93 kg/m3), tensile strength (3.68 and 4.53 MPa) for wheat and barley straw, and reduced ash content of the pellet from 10.34 to 4.59% for barley straw pellet and 10.66 to 3.88% for wheat straw pellets. The higher heating value (HHV) increased with increasing biochar mix and HDPE binder blend. The highest HHV value observed for barley straw was 28.34 MJ/kg, while wheat straw was 29.78 MJ/kg. The study further indicated that MW torrefaction of biomass-biochar mix with HDPE binder reduced the moisture adsorption of wheat and barley straw pellets, which can significantly improve their storage capability in humid locations. The moisture uptake ratio for MW-torrefied barley straw pellets was 0.10–0.25 and wheat straw pellets 0.11–0.25 against a moisture uptake ratio of 1.0 for untreated biomass. MW torrefaction of wheat and barley straw with biochar and HDPE binder addition during pelleting is a promising technique to improve biomass fuel pellet properties.

Evaluation of Physiochemical, Thermal and Kinetic Properties of Wheat Straw by Demineralising with Leaching Reagents for Energy Applications

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 122013
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hamid Siddiqi ◽  
Xiao-min Liu ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hussain ◽  
Tayyab Qureshi ◽  
Asif Nadeem Tabish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Energy Applications

Cassava Stem Powder as an Additive in Biomass Fuel Pellet Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 5902-5908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Larsson ◽  
Oscar Lockneus ◽  
Shaojun Xiong ◽  
Robert Samuelsson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Fuel Pellet ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Cassava Stem

Waxd Study of Low TCE Polyimide Films Formed from Polyamic Acid Blends and Copolymers.

1992 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Nunes ◽  
Krishna G. Sachdev
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Moisture Uptake ◽  
Chain Segment ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Flexible Chain ◽  
Polyamic Acid ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Molecular Anisotropy

AbstractLow TCE polyimides, typically BPDA-PDA and related materials are well known for their special properties which include low in-plane TCE, up to 3X higher elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength, and lower moisture uptake relative to the commonly known flexible chain polyimides [1]. These differences are due to the rod-like orientation and highly organized molecular structure of the polyimides that are derived from linear-planar precursors resulting in more anisotropic properties such as the X-Y vs Z-direction TCE [2], and optical as well as dielectric properties.In the present study, we have measured the WAXD patterns of polyimide films formed from BPDA-PDA and BTDA-PDA polyamic acid mixtures and BPDA-BTDA-PDA random copolyamic acids. In order to examine the effect of a highly flexible chain segment on the molecular anisotropy of rod-like polyimides, preliminary WAXD patterns were recorded for films of BPDA-BDAF and a BPDA-PDA-BDAF copolyimide.An in-plane and an out-of-plane crystallinity index, measures of molecular order within the polyimide films studied were estimated from the WAXD patterns. The data are correlated with the various blends and copolymer compositions and discussed in terms of structural implications.

Characterizing Pathways of Invasive Plant Spread to Alaska: II. Propagules from Imported Hay and Straw

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery S. Conn ◽  
Casie A. Stockdale ◽  
Nancy R. Werdin-Pfisterer ◽  
Jenny C. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractThe extent and nature of spread of exotic plant species to and within Alaska by shipment of hay and straw was studied. The amounts of hay and straw imported into Alaska and the amounts and types of seed in imported and locally produced hay and straw was determined We purchased alfalfa hay, wheat straw, ryegrass straw, and timothy hay produced in Washington and Oregon (WA–OR) and locally produced straw and hay. The hay and straw were shaken over screens, and the remaining fines were mixed with sterile potting soil and incubated in the greenhouse. Forty-nine plant species were identified from hay and straw, nine of which are ranked as invasive in Alaska, including downy brome, foxtail barley, hare barley, narrowleaf hawksbeard, and quackgrass—a prohibited weed in Alaska. The number of seeds ranged from 0 to 6,205 seeds kg−1, with an average of 585 seeds kg−1, and the number of species ranged from 0 to 12, with an average of 4.2 species per bale. Crop seed comprised a large proportion of the germinated seeds in ryegrass straw, wheat straw, and timothy/brome hay (98, 78, and 62%, respectively), but was less prevalent (ranging from 0 to 38%) in the other three hay and straw crop types. Hay and straw from Alaska contained more total seeds and species than hay and straw from WA-OR, but the difference was not significant when only weed seed was used in the analysis. Alaska-grown timothy/brome hay contained significantly more total seed than alfalfa hay and wheat straw from WA–OR and Alaska-grown barley straw. The grower or distributor of the hay and straw also influenced the number of seeds and species among some crop types. Results of this study document that large numbers of alien plant species are transported by movements of hay and straw into and within Alaska.

scholarly journals Potential for Developing Biocarbon Briquettes for Foundry Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Mousa ◽  
Mania Kazemi ◽  
Mikael Larsson ◽  
Gert Karlsson ◽  
Erik Persson
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cupola Furnace ◽  
Foundry Industry

The foundry industry is currently facing challenges to reduce the environmental impacts from application of fossil fuels. Replacing foundry coke with alternative renewable carbon sources can lead to significant decrease in fossil fuel consumption and fossil CO2 emission. The low bulk density, low energy density, low mechanical strength and the high reactivity of biocarbon materials are the main factors limiting their efficient implementation in a cupola furnace. The current study aimed at designing, optimizing and developing briquettes containing biocarbon, namely, biocarbon briquettes for an efficient use in cupola furnace. Laboratory hydraulic press with compaction pressure of about 160 MPa and stainless-steel moulds (Ø = 40 mm and 70 mm) were used for compaction. The density, heating value, energy density, mechanical strength and reactivity of biocarbon briquettes were measured and evaluated. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of biocarbon briquettes were measured by a compression device. The reactivity of biocarbon briquettes was measured under controlled conditions of temperature and gas atmosphere using the thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA). Different types of binders were tested for the compaction of commercial charcoal fines with/without contribution of coke breeze. The effect of charcoal ratio, particle size, binder type, binder ratio, moisture content and compaction pressure on the quality of the biocarbon briquettes was investigated. Molasses with hydrated lime and cement were superior in enhancing the biocarbon briquettes strength and energy density among other tested binders and additives. The briquettes’ strength decreased as the biocarbon content increased. The optimum recipes consisted of 62% charcoal fines, 20% molasses, 10% hydrated lime and 8% cement. Cement is necessary to develop the tensile strength and hot mechanical strength of the briquettes. The charcoal with high ash content showed higher strength of briquettes but lower heating value compared to that with low ash content. Dispersion of silica suspension on charcoal particles during the mixing process was able to reduce the reactivity of biochar in the developed biocarbon briquettes. The biocarbon briquettes density and strength were increased by increasing the compaction pressure. Commercial powder hydrated lime was more effective in enhancing the briquettes’ strength compared to slaked burnt lime. Upscaling of biocarbon briquettes (Ø = 70 mm) and testing of hot mechanical strength under load indicated development of cracks which significantly reduced the strength of briquettes. Further development of biocarbon briquettes is needed to fulfil the requirements of a cupola furnace.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate for Its Eventual Valorization by Anaerobic Digestion

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Jose D. Marin-Batista ◽  
Angel F. Mohedano ◽  
Angeles de la Rubia
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulose Crystallinity

This study assessed the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac]) as a pretreatment to increase the methane yield. The pretreatment was conducted for wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), and grape stem (GS) at 120 °C for 120 min, using several LB to [Emim][Ac] ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 w/w). Pretreatment significantly disrupted the lignocellulose matrix of each biomass into soluble sugars. GS showed the highest sugar yield, which was followed by WS, while BS was slightly hydrolyzed (175.3 ± 2.3, 158.2 ± 5.2, and 51.1 ± 3.1 mg glucose g–1 biomass, respectively). Likewise, the pretreatment significantly reduced the cellulose crystallinity index (CrI) of the resulting solid fractions of GS and WS by 15% and 9%, respectively, but slightly affected the CrI of BS (5%). Thus, BMP tests were only carried out for raw and hydrothermally and [Emim][Ac] (1:5) pretreated GS and WS. The untreated GS and WS showed similar methane yields to those achieved for the solid fraction obtained after pretreatment with an LB to [Emim][Ac] ratio of 1:5 (219 ± 10 and 368 ± 1 mL CH4 g–1 VS, respectively). The methane production of the solid plus liquid fraction obtained after IL pretreatment increased by 1.61- and 1.34-fold compared to the raw GS and WS, respectively.

scholarly journals High fiber media as the most efficient substrates for Pleurotus florida culture

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Jafarpour ◽  
Alireza Jalalizand ◽  
Shahin Eghbalsaied
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Weight Yield

Implementation of agricultural residues for oyster mushroom culture has been accepted world-wide. In this study, we used wheat straw, barley straw, maize stem residue, and lawn residue as substrates coupled with wheat bran, rice bran and soybean powder as complements for the growth of P. florida. Wheat and barley straws which contained a high fiber and C/N ratio had the best growth period, fruiting body weight, yield, and biological efficiency. Assessment of substrate and complement combinations indicated that the lowest growth period was obtained from barley straw enriched with rice bran (24.67 day). However the highest fruiting body number (36.33), fruiting body weight (31.17 g), yield (1039 g), and biological efficiency (207.8 %) belonged to wheat straw complemented by either wheat or rice bran. In conclusion, the highest fruiting body weight, yield, and biological efficiency was achieved by implementation of composts in which high fiber substrates and complements were combined.

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