scholarly journals Estimation of the P Fertilizer Demand of China Using the LePA Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Yu ◽  
Haigang Li ◽  
Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe ◽  
Guohua Li ◽  
Torsten Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
Fertilizer Demand ◽  
P Removal

Modern phosphate (P) fertilizers are sourced from P rock reserves, a finite and dwindling resource. Globally, China is the largest producer and consumer of P fertilizer and will deplete its domestic reserves within 80 years. It is necessary to avoid excess P input in agriculture through estimating P demand. We used the legacy P assessment model (LePA) to estimate P demand based on soil P management at the county, regional, and country scales according to six P application rate scenarios: (1) rate in 2012 maintained; (2) current rate maintained in low-P counties and P input stopped in high-P counties until critical Olsen-P level (CP) is reached, after which rate equals P-removal; (3) rate decreased to 1–1.5 kg ha−1 year−1 in low-P counties after CP is reached and in high-P counties; (4) rate in each county decreased to 1–8 kg ha−1 year−1 after soil Olsen-P reached CP in low P counties; (5) rate in each county was kept at P-removal rate after reduction; (6) P input was kept at the rate lower than P-offtake rate after reduction. The results showed that the total P fertilizer demand of China was 750 MT P2O5, 54% of P fertilizer can be saved from 2013 to 2080 in China, and soil Olsen-P of all counties can satisfy the demand for high crop yields. The greatest potential to decrease P input was in Yangtze Plain and South China, which reached 60%. Our results provide a firm basis to analyze the depletion of P reserves in other countries.

Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilization Treatments on the Phosphorus Transference in an Aquatic Brown Paddy Soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Quan Lai Zhou ◽  
Mu Qiu Zhao ◽  
Cai Yan Lu ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application

This study investigated the effects of different rates of phosphorus application on vertical transference of P. An aquatic brown paddy soil was filled in organic glass columns using for the leaching experiments. The results indicated that significant vertical transference was found using change of Olsen-P and CaCl2-P. The transference distance was no more than 10cm when P application rate between 200 and 800 kg P ha-1, and was more than 10cm as P application rate above 800 kg P ha-1. We obtained the threshold value of Olsen-P was 53.7 mg kg-1 by split-line model, and calculated that the threshold value of P fertilizer application rate was 382.1 kg P ha-1 by relationship of soil Olsen-P concentration and P application rate. The soil P transference increased, if P application rate was above 382.1 kg P ha-1. It would be helpful for controlling the P fertilizer amount by field to decrease P loss.

Effects of soil- and foliar-applied phosphorus fertilizers on the potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. ALLISON ◽  
J. H. FOWLER ◽  
E. J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
P Fertilizers

Twenty-two field experiments in England, done between 1986 and 2000, tested the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizers on number of tubers and tuber yield in Solanum tuberosum. Applying P fertilizer resulted in statistically significant increases in tuber yield in six experiments and the optimal P application rate ranged from c. 90 to 180 kg P/ha. Statistically significant increases in yield in response to application of P fertilizers were found only in soils that contained < 26 mg Olsen-P/l (< Index 3) and appeared to be associated with increases in ground cover. Statistically significant increases in the number of tubers in response to application of P fertilizer were found only in soils that contained < 16 mg Olsen-P/l (< Index 2) and appeared to be associated with an increase in ground cover by the time of tuber initiation (c. 5–6 week after planting). Each tonne of tuber fresh-weight yield was, on average, associated with removal of 0·39 kg P but regression analysis showed that this value increased as soil Olsen-P increased. Re-analysis of published data showed that whilst the probability of a response to P fertilizer and the optimum P application rate may have been overestimated, some statistically significant responses to P fertilizer did occur when Olsen-P was > 26 mg/l. The absence of yield responses on P Index 3 soils found in the current experiments was attributed to increased use of irrigation that may have increased the availability of soil P. Re-interpretation of data from long-term experiments showed that the agronomic benefits of increasing soil P status by applying more P than is removed by harvested crop parts, are small. Since large P residues, estimated by Olsen-P or degree of soil P saturation, are associated with desorption of P and consequent loss to drainage water it is inadvisable to increase soil P above Index 3. For these reasons, no P fertilizer is recommended for Index 4 soils, an amount equivalent to replacement is recommended for Index 3 soils but up to 110–130 kg P/ha should be applied to Index 0 soils. Applications of foliar P had no effect on number of tubers or tuber yield and this practice cannot be recommended.

Phosphorus efficiency in a long-term wheat–rice cropping system in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. TANG ◽  
X. SHI ◽  
Y. MA ◽  
X. HAO
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYLong-term (over 14 years) experiments on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop rotations were conducted in Southwest China to investigate phosphorus (P) fertilizer utilization efficiency, including the partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), internal efficiency (IE), partial P balance (PPB), recovery efficiency (RE) and the mass (input–output) balance. The seven treatments were Control, N, NP, NK, NPK, NPKM and NPKSt, representing various combinations of inorganic fertilizers (N, P and K), manure (M) and the application of rice straw (St). Without P application, the soil could supply c. 14·7–22·5 kg P/ha annually and produce, on average, c. 1·8 t/ha wheat and 6·0 t/ha rice. Phosphorus fertilization increased crop yields by 65·5 and 11·4% for wheat and rice, respectively, over the 14 years. The PFP values ranged from 80·2 to 177 kg grain/kg P fertilizer for wheat and from 222 to 255 kg/kg for rice in the NPK treatments. However, the mean AE over the 14-year period was 31·9 and 21·3 kg grain/kg inorganic P fertilizer for wheat and rice, respectively. The mean IE was 214 and 318 kg grain/kg P uptake for wheat and rice, respectively, during the cultivation period. The PPB for the whole rotation system over the 14 years ranged from 0·58 to 0·64. However, the mean RE of P fertilizer was 0·26 (varying from 0·22 to 0·29) in the wheat–rice cropping system over the 14-year period. For every 100 kg surplus P/ha per year, the concentration of soil P extracted by 0·5 m NaHCO3 at pH 8·5 (Olsen-P) would increase by, on average, 4·12 mg/kg in soil. For the wheat–rice cropping system, the current P application rate of 55–65 kg P/ha per year is able to sustain annual yields of about 3 t/ha for wheat and 7 t/ha for rice. This study suggests that, in order to achieve higher crop yields, the P fertilizer utilization efficiency should be considered when making P fertilizer recommendations in wheat–rice cropping systems.

scholarly journals Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Optimizing Phosphorus Application Rates for Maize in the Northeast Plain of China for Sustainable Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4799
Author(s):  
Wenting Jiang ◽  
Xiaohu Liu ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Lihui Yang ◽  
Yuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
The Impact

Optimizing the phosphorus (P) application rate can increase grain yield while reducing both cost and environmental impact. However, optimal P rates vary substantially when different targets such as maximum yield or maximum economic benefit are considered. The present study used field experiment conducted at 36 experiments sites for maize to determine the impact of P application levels on grain yield, plant P uptake, and P agronomy efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits and private profitability, and to evaluated the agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically (EOPR) optimal P rate at a regional scale. Four treatments were compared: No P fertilizer (P0); P rate of 45–60 kg ha−1 (LP); P rate of 90–120 kg ha−1 (MP); P rate of 135–180 kg ha−1 (HP). P application more effectively increased grain yield, reaching a peak at MP treatment. The plant P uptake in HP treatment was 37.4% higher than that in P0. The relationship between P uptake by plants (y) and P application rate (x) can be described by the equation y = −0.0003x2 + 0.1266x + 31.1 (R2 = 0.309, p < 0.01). Furthermore, grain yield (y) and plant P uptake (x) across all treatments also showed a significant polynomial function (R2 = 0.787–0.846). The MP treatment led to highest improvements in P agronomic efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits (BY) and private profitability (BP) compared with those in other treatments. In addition, the average agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically optimal P rate (EOPR) in 36 experimental sites were suggested as 127.9 kg ha−1, 110.8 kg ha−1, and 114.4 kg ha−1, which ranged from 80.6 to 211.3 kg ha−1, 78.2 to 181.8 kg ha−1, and 82.6 to 151.6 kg ha−1, respectively. Economically optimal P application (EOPR) can be recommended, because EOPR significantly reduced P application compared with AOPR, and average economically optimal yield was slightly higher compared with the average yield in the MP treatment. This study was conducive in providing a more productive, use-effective, profitable, environment-friendly P fertilizer management strategy for supporting maximized production potential and environment sustainable development.

Response of irrigated soybeans (Glycine max) to phosphorus on an alkaline cracking clay in semi-arid tropical Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Garside ◽  
MC Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
P Application

The primary and residual effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on soybeans (Glycine max cv. Buchanan) were studied at one site for three seasons on Cununurra clay in the Ord Irrigation Area. Grain yield increased (P< 0.01) with both primary and residual P in all seasons. When grain yields over the 3 years were standardized to eliminate seasonal effects, relative grain yield (RGY) was positively related to each of bicarbonate-extractable soil P (EP), applied fertilizer P (FP) and fertilizer P applied to the previous crop (PFP). Seventy-three per cent of the variation in relative yield within years could be explained by the equation: RGY = 45.44 + 0.64FP + l.84EP + 0.197PFP R 2 = 0 . 7 3 , P < 0.01 Increasing P status was associated with increased plant height, dry matter production and weight of 100 seeds and increased the number of main-stem nodes, nodules, pods per plant and days to maturity, but had no effect on number of seeds per pod and number of days until commencement and completion of flowering. Concentrations of P in the whole tops and uppermost leaf increased with increasing rate of P application. However, there was a significant P x growth stage interaction on nitrogen concentrations in whole tops and upper-most leaf, these being lower in the high-P plots early in the season. Grain protein content increased with increasing P status while oil content was reduced. The results show that rates of P application higher than those being currently used are required to maximize soybean yield on Cununurra clay.

Effects of long-term fertilizer phosphorus application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. RICHARDS ◽  
C. J. CLAYTON ◽  
A. J. K. REEVE
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil P ◽  
South West ◽  
P Balance ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
South West England

The effects of four rates of fertilizer phosphorus (P) application (0, 9·8, 19·6 and 39·2 kg P/ha per year) on soil and crop P and cadmium (Cd) contents were measured in a field trial begun in 1968 and cropped each year with barley in south west England. In 1996, available and total soil P and Cd were measured in seven soil layers (0–20, 20–25, 25–30, 30–35, 35–40, 40–45 and 45–50 cm). Offtake of P in the crop was measured, or could be estimated, throughout the trial period. There was a linear relationship between P balance (total applied − total offtake) and P application rate with a balance of zero at a rate equivalent to 17 kg P/ha per year. The rate of P required for the economically optimum grain output was equivalent to 30 kg P/ha per year. No evidence was found for available P enrichment of soil layers below 25 cm. There was no evidence of Cd enrichment of either soil or crop after 29 years of P applications.

THE MECHANISM OF PHOSPHORUS-INDUCED ZINC DEFICIENCY IN BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. SINGH ◽  
R. E. KARAMANOS ◽  
J. W. B. STEWART
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
P Application ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Dilution Effects ◽  
Yield Responses

The nature of the P-induced Zn deficiency in bean plants was studied in a growth chamber experiment using three pedogenically different soils. Application of P (0, 40, 80 and 160 mg P kg−1 soil) resulted in significant dry matter (DM) yield increases. Maximum DM yields were attained at the 40 mg P kg−1 application rate. Application of Zn (0, 5 or 10 mg Zn kg−1 soil) without P application had no effect on DM yields of bean plants. However, Zn application in combination with P application resulted in significant DM yield responses. There was no evidence that the P-induced Zn deficiency was a result of differences in soil characteristics or influence of P on the water soluble plus exchangeable, organically bound, Mn- and Fe-oxide bound or residual Zn fractions. The Zn concentration in bean plant tops was significantly reduced due to P application and the magnitude of the reduction was greatest with the first increment of applied P (40 mg P kg−1 soil). Application of P induced Zn deficiency, at least partly, by stimulation of growth and subsequent dilution of tissue Zn concentration. Translocation of Zn from roots to tops appeared to be restricted at 80 and 160 mg applied P kg−1 soil treatments, as evidenced by the reduction of Zn uptake in non-Zn treatments. Thus, plant dilution effects and reduced translocation of Zn from roots to tops were the two mechanisms responsible for the observed P-induced Zn deficiency in this study. Key words: P × Zn interaction, plant availability, plant uptake, soil Zn fractions, soil P, Zinc-65

Depletion, accumulation and availability of soil phosphorus in the Askov long-term field experiment

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musibau O. Azeez ◽  
Gitte Holton Rubæk ◽  
Ingeborg Frøsig Pedersen ◽  
Bent T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
Water Extractable

Soil phosphorus (P) reserves, built up over decades of intensive agriculture, may account for most of the crop P uptake, provided adequate supply of other plant nutrients. Whether crops grown on soils with reduced supply of other nutrients obtain similar use-efficiency of soil P reserves remains unclear. In treatments of the Askov Long-Term Experiment (initiated in 1894 on light sandy loam), we quantified changes in soil total P and in plant-available P (Olsen P, water extractable P and P offtake in wheat grains) when P-depleted soil started receiving P in rock phosphate and when P application to soil with moderate P levels ceased during 1997–2017. Additionally we studied treatments with soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years and with soil first being P depleted and then exposed to surplus dressings of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium in cattle manure. For soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years, average grain P offtake was 6 kg ha–1 and Olsen P averaged 4.6 mg kg–1, representing the lower asymptotic level of plant-available P. Adding igneous rock phosphate to severely P-depleted soil with no N fertilisation had little effect on Olsen P, water extractable P (Pw), grain yields and P offtake. For soils with moderate levels of available P, withholding P application for 20 years reduced contents of Olsen P by 56% (from 16 to 7 mg P kg–1) and of Pw by 63% (from 4.5 to 1.7 mg P kg–1). However, the level of plant-available P was still above that of unfertilised soil. Application of animal manure to P-depleted soil gradually raised soil P availability, grain yield and P offtake, but it took 20 years to restore levels of plant-available P. Our study suggests symmetry between rates of depletion and accumulation of plant-available P in soil.

scholarly journals Cow Manure Application Cuts Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizer Need in Silage Rice in Japan

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1483
Author(s):  
Thanh Tung Nguyen ◽  
Yuka Sasaki ◽  
Mitsuhiko Katahira ◽  
Dhirendranath Singh
Keyword(s):  
P Uptake ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Total P

Cow manure is a good source of phosphorus (P). Here, we investigated whether the amount of P fertilizer can be reduced when cow manure is applied to paddy soil based on growth, P uptake, yield, and soil P status evaluation. Treatments included unfertilized control (CK); manure plus chemical nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and P fertilizer (MNK P); MNK and 75% P (MNK ¾ P); MNK and 50% P (MNK ½ P); MNK and 25% P (MNK ¼ P); and MNK. Manure was applied at the rate of 10 t ha−1 in fresh weight base. The P fertilizer was applied at 34.9 kg P ha−1 as full dose. Treatment with MNK resulted in the same growth, P uptake, and yield as that with the P fertilizer. P uptake and yield did not respond to P input from chemical fertilizer owing to high soil Olsen P levels. Moreover, MNK could maintain soil Olsen P and total P. Manure application resulted in a positive partial P balance. These results suggest that manure application can cut P fertilizer requirements in P-rich soils, while maintaining soil P for optimal rice growth and yield. By using cow manure in rice production, farmers can conserve finite P resources.

scholarly journals Precise aerial fertiliser application on hill country

1999 ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
A.G. Gillingham ◽  
J. Maber ◽  
J. Morton ◽  
M. Tuohy
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Topographic Complexity ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Fertiliser Application

The fertiliser requirements of hill country vary with soil type, slope and aspect-related factors which govern pasture production potential and species composition. In most situations, the topographic complexity is such that only very broad differentiation in land units can be made when aerially applying fertiliser. The traditional method of aerial topdressing is for superphosphate to be flown on at a common rate over large blocks of complex topography by fixed-wing aircraft. Advances in geographical positioning system (GPS) and aircraft technology now allow aircraft to fly accurately defined track spacing and so achieve optimum uniformity of fertiliser spread. The same technology could be used to vary fertiliser application rate along a flight path according to predetermined recommendations and through links to a farm geographic information system (GIS) map. This approach could also be used to apply different fertiliser types. In a desktop study the effects of differential, compared with uniform, fertiliser application policies, on animal productivity and economic returns were examined for three contrasting hill farm situations using a combination of trial results and the AgResearch PKS Lime Programme. Results showed that for a farm with a low soil P status (Olsen P =9), that stocking rate could be increased by 0.5 su/ha, and the economic return by 7.5%, by differential, rather than uniform fertiliser application. In a similar but higher soil P status farm (Olsen P = 15), the increase was 0.9 su/ ha and 10.1% respectively. In a summer-dry situation where nitrogen fertiliser could be substituted for some P fertiliser, a differential policy designed to optimise production gave a 2.1 su/ha and 43% net margin increase, compared with the uniform application of a typical rate of maintenance P fertiliser only. The results from the desktop study are discussed in relation to the practical aspects of developing differential fertiliser application methods. This will relate to extra fertiliser application cost, and the definition of practical sized land units and fertiliser forms, which will all have some effect on the net economics of a differential application policy. Despite these unknowns, the technology would appear to offer real gains to the hill country farmer. Keywords: economic return, fertiliser application, GIS, GPS, hill country, phosphate

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