scholarly journals Convergent Evolution of Locomotory Modes in Euarchontoglires

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-hang Geng ◽  
Xiao-ping Wang ◽  
Li-feng Che ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Principle Component ◽  
Locomotory Mode ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Phenotypic Convergence

The research of phenotypic convergence is of increasing importance in adaptive evolution. Locomotory modes play important roles in the adaptive evolution of species in the Euarchontoglires, however, the investigation of convergent evolution of the locomotory modes across diverse Euarchontoglire orders is incomplete. We collected measurements of three phalangeal indices of manual digit III, including metacarpal of digit III (MC3), manus proximal phalanx of digit III (MPP3), and manus intermediate phalanx of digit III (MIP3), from 203 individuals of 122 Euarchontoglires species representing arboreal (orders Scandentia, Rodentia, and Primates), terrestrial (orders Scandentia and Rodentia), and gliding (orders Dermoptera and Rodentia) locomotory modes. This data can be separated into seven groups defined by order and locomotory mode. Based on combination of the three phalangeal indices, the Principle component analyses (PCA), phylomorphospace plot, and C-metrics analyses clustered the arboreal species of Scandentia, Rodentia, and Primates together and the terrestrial species of Scandentia and Rodentia together, showing the convergent signal in evolution of the arboreal (C1 = 0.424, P < 0.05) and terrestrial (C1 = 0.560, P < 0.05) locomotory modes in Euarchontoglires. Although the gliding species from Dermoptera and Rodentia did not cluster together, they also showed the convergent signal (C1 = 0.563, P < 0.05). Our work provides insight into the convergent evolution of locomotory modes in Euarchontoglires, and reveals that these three indices contribute valuable information to identify convergent evolution in Euarchontoglires.

scholarly journals Interspecies Chromosome Mapping in Caprimulgiformes, Piciformes, Suliformes, and Trogoniformes (Aves): Cytogenomic Insight into Microchromosome Organization and Karyotype Evolution in Birds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Rafael Kretschmer ◽  
Marcelo Santos de Souza ◽  
Ivanete de Oliveira Furo ◽  
Michael N. Romanov ◽  
Ricardo José Gunski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Rare Events ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interchromosomal Rearrangement ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Phalacrocorax Brasilianus

Interchromosomal rearrangements involving microchromosomes are rare events in birds. To date, they have been found mostly in Psittaciformes, Falconiformes, and Cuculiformes, although only a few orders have been analyzed. Hence, cytogenomic studies focusing on microchromosomes in species belonging to different bird orders are essential to shed more light on the avian chromosome and karyotype evolution. Based on this, we performed a comparative chromosome mapping for chicken microchromosomes 10 to 28 using interspecies BAC-based FISH hybridization in five species, representing four Neoaves orders (Caprimulgiformes, Piciformes, Suliformes, and Trogoniformes). Our results suggest that the ancestral microchromosomal syntenies are conserved in Pteroglossus inscriptus (Piciformes), Ramphastos tucanus tucanus (Piciformes), and Trogon surrucura surrucura (Trogoniformes). On the other hand, chromosome reorganization in Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Suliformes) and Hydropsalis torquata (Caprimulgiformes) included fusions involving both macro- and microchromosomes. Fissions in macrochromosomes were observed in P. brasilianus and H. torquata. Relevant hypothetical Neognathae and Neoaves ancestral karyotypes were reconstructed to trace these rearrangements. We found no interchromosomal rearrangement involving microchromosomes to be shared between avian orders where rearrangements were detected. Our findings suggest that convergent evolution involving microchromosomal change is a rare event in birds and may be appropriate in cytotaxonomic inferences in orders where these rearrangements occurred.

scholarly journals The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 345 (6201) ◽  
pp. 1181-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Denoeud ◽  
L. Carretero-Paulet ◽  
A. Dereeper ◽  
G. Droc ◽  
R. Guyot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Caffeine Biosynthesis ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals A new insight into arable weed adaptive evolution: mutations endowing herbicide resistance also affect germination dynamics and seedling emergence

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Délye ◽  
Yosra Menchari ◽  
Séverine Michel ◽  
Émilie Cadet ◽  
Valérie Le Corre
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Arable Weed ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals The effects of increasing the number of taxa on inferences of molecular convergence

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg W.C. Thomas ◽  
Matthew W. Hahn ◽  
Yoonsoo Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Molecular Convergence

AbstractConvergent evolution provides insight into the link between phenotype and genotype. Recently, large-scale comparative studies of convergent evolution have become possible, but researchers are still trying to determine the best way to design these types of analyses. One aspect of molecular convergence studies that has not yet been investigated is how taxonomic sample size affects inferences of molecular convergence. Here we show that increased sample size decreases the amount of inferred molecular convergence associated with the three convergent transitions to a marine environment in mammals. The sampling of more taxa—both with and without the convergent phenotype—reveals that alleles associated only with marine mammals in small datasets are actually more widespread, or are not shared by all marine species. The sampling of more taxa also allows finer resolution of ancestral substitutions, revealing that they are not in fact on lineages leading to solely marine species. We revisit a previous study on marine mammals and find that only 7 of the reported 43 genes with convergent substitutions still show signs of convergence with a larger number of background species. However, 4 of those 7 genes also showed signs of positive selection in the original analysis and may still be good candidates for adaptive convergence. Though our study is framed around the convergence of marine mammals, we expect our conclusions on taxonomic sampling are generalizable to any study of molecular convergence.

Evolution and Physiology of Amphibious Yeasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad El Baidouri ◽  
Polona Zalar ◽  
Timothy Y. James ◽  
Amy S. Gladfelter ◽  
Anthony Amend
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Extreme Habitats ◽  
Insight Into

Since the emergence of the first fungi some 700 million years ago, unicellular yeast-like forms have emerged multiple times in independent lineages via convergent evolution. While tens to hundreds of millions of years separate the independent evolution of these unicellular organisms, they share remarkable phenotypic and metabolic similarities, and all have streamlined genomes. Yeasts occur in every aquatic environment yet examined. Many species are aquatic; perhaps most are amphibious. How these species have evolved to thrive in aquatic habitats is fundamental to understanding functions and evolutionary mechanisms in this unique group of fungi. Here we review the state of knowledge of the physiological and ecological diversity of amphibious yeasts and their key evolutionary adaptations enabling survival in aquatic habitats. We emphasize some genera previously thought to be exclusively terrestrial. Finally, we discuss the ability of many yeasts to survive in extreme habitats and how this might lend insight into ecological plasticity, including amphibious lifestyles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Widespread convergence in toxin resistance by predictable molecular evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (38) ◽  
pp. 11911-11916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Ujvari ◽  
Nicholas R. Casewell ◽  
Kartik Sunagar ◽  
Kevin Arbuckle ◽  
Wolfgang Wüster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Cardiac Glycoside ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Toxin Resistance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Core Part ◽  
Insight Into

The question about whether evolution is unpredictable and stochastic or intermittently constrained along predictable pathways is the subject of a fundamental debate in biology, in which understanding convergent evolution plays a central role. At the molecular level, documented examples of convergence are rare and limited to occurring within specific taxonomic groups. Here we provide evidence of constrained convergent molecular evolution across the metazoan tree of life. We show that resistance to toxic cardiac glycosides produced by plants and bufonid toads is mediated by similar molecular changes to the sodium-potassium-pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) in insects, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. In toad-feeding reptiles, resistance is conferred by two point mutations that have evolved convergently on four occasions, whereas evidence of a molecular reversal back to the susceptible state in varanid lizards migrating to toad-free areas suggests that toxin resistance is maladaptive in the absence of selection. Importantly, resistance in all taxa is mediated by replacements of 2 of the 12 amino acids comprising the Na+/K+-ATPase H1–H2 extracellular domain that constitutes a core part of the cardiac glycoside binding site. We provide mechanistic insight into the basis of resistance by showing that these alterations perturb the interaction between the cardiac glycoside bufalin and the Na+/K+-ATPase. Thus, similar selection pressures have resulted in convergent evolution of the same molecular solution across the breadth of the animal kingdom, demonstrating how a scarcity of possible solutions to a selective challenge can lead to highly predictable evolutionary responses.

scholarly journals Convergent genomic signatures of high-altitude adaptation among domestic mammals

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Dong Wu ◽  
Cui-Ping Yang ◽  
Ming-Shan Wang ◽  
Kun-Zhe Dong ◽  
Da-Wei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Altitude Adaptation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Molecular Convergence

Abstract Abundant and diverse domestic mammals living on the Tibetan Plateau provide useful materials for investigating adaptive evolution and genetic convergence. Here, we used 327 genomes from horses, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and dogs living at both high and low altitudes, including 73 genomes generated for this study, to disentangle the genetic mechanisms underlying local adaptation of domestic mammals. Although molecular convergence is comparatively rare at the DNA sequence level, we found convergent signature of positive selection at the gene level, particularly the EPAS1 gene in these Tibetan domestic mammals. We also reported a potential function in response to hypoxia for the gene C10orf67, which underwent positive selection in three of the domestic mammals. Our data provide an insight into adaptive evolution of high-altitude domestic mammals, and should facilitate the search for additional novel genes involved in the hypoxia response pathway.

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