scholarly journals The Impact of Root-Derived Resources on Forest Soil Invertebrates Depends on Body Size and Trophic Position

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Bluhm ◽  
Bernhard Eitzinger ◽  
Christian Bluhm ◽  
Olga Ferlian ◽  
Kerstin Heidemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Soil Food Webs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Trenching ◽  
The Impact

Forest soil food webs have been assumed to be fueled substantially by root-derived resources. However, until today the flux of root-derived resources into soil animals has been investigated virtually exclusively using isotope labeling experiments, whereas studies on the consequences of disrupting the flux of root-derived resources into the soil animal food web are scarce. We here investigated the importance of root-derived resources for a wide range of soil animals by interrupting the resource flux into the soil of different forest types in Central Europe using a trenching experiment. We recorded the abundance of soil animal taxa varying in body size (micro-, meso-, and macrofauna) 1 and 3 years after root trenching, and quantified changes in biomass, species composition, and trophic shift using stable isotopes and NLFA analysis. Among the microfauna groups studied (trophic groups of Nematoda) only the abundance of plant feeding nematodes showed a trend in being decreased by -58% due to root trenching. Major soil mesofauna groups, including Collembola and Oribatida, suffered to a similar extent from root trenching with their abundance and biomass being reduced by about 30–40%. The soil macrofauna groups studied (Diplopoda, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Araneae, Coleoptera) generally were only little affected by root trenching suggesting that they rely less on root-derived resources than micro- and in particular mesofauna. Notably, the community structure of micro-, meso-, and macrofauna was not affected by root trenching. Further, we observed trophic shifts only in 2 out of 10 investigated species with the shifts generally being only minor. The results indicate that soil animal communities are markedly resilient to deprivation of root-derived resources suggesting that links to root-derived resources are non-specific. However, this resilience appears to vary with body size, with mesofauna including both decomposers as well as predators being more sensitive to the deprivation of root-derived resources than microfauna (except for root feeders) and macrofauna. Overall, this suggests that body size constrains the channeling of energy through soil food webs, with root-derived resources in temperate forests being channeled predominantly via soil taxa of intermediate size, i.e., mesofauna.

The underestimated importance of belowground carbon input for forest soil animal food webs

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 729-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie M. Pollierer ◽  
Reinhard Langel ◽  
Christian Körner ◽  
Mark Maraun ◽  
Stefan Scheu
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Belowground Carbon

Free-living nematodes as prey for higher trophic levels of forest soil food webs

Oikos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Heidemann ◽  
Annika Hennies ◽  
Johanna Schakowske ◽  
Lars Blumenberg ◽  
Liliane Ruess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Soil Food Webs

scholarly journals The Isotopic Signature of the “Arthropod Rain” in a Temperate Forest: Wingless Are From Crowns, Winged Are From Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana L. Rozanova ◽  
Sergey M. Tsurikov ◽  
Marina G. Krivosheina ◽  
Andrei V. Tanasevitch ◽  
Dmitry N. Fedorenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Reference Dataset ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Soil Food Webs

Abstract Invertebrate phyto-, sapro-, and microbophages, as well as predators and parasitoids, densely populate tree crowns. Eventually, all crown inhabitants fall from the trees and become a food source for litter-dwelling predators, scavengers, and saprophages. However, the functional significance of the arthropod rain, i.e., the flux of invertebrates falling from the crowns, remains unexplored. We collected arthropod rain in a temperate mixed forest throughout the growing season. The δ13С and δ15N values of the arthropods (730 samples in total) were compared to a large reference dataset of the isotopic composition of soil animals from temperate forests. The most numerous taxa in the arthropod rain were collembolans and mites. The most diverse orders were Diptera (18 families) and Coleoptera (29 families), which formed the major portion of the winged specimens. The total ranges of δ13С and δ15N values of individual animals forming arthropod rain reached 14‰ and 26‰, respectively. Nevertheless, invertebrates forming arthropod rain were on average depleted in 13C and 15N by 1.6‰ and 2.7‰, respectively, compared to the soil-dwelling animals. This difference can be used to detect the contribution of the arthropod rain to detrital food webs. Low average δ13С and δ15N values of the arthropod rain were primarily driven by the presence of microphytophages, represented mainly by Collembola and Psocoptera, and macrophytophages, mainly aphids, caterpillars, and heteropterans. Furthermore, wingless arthropods were depleted in heavy isotopes relative to winged specimens. Among wingless invertebrates, predators and parasitoids differed significantly in δ15N values from phytophages and microbi/saprophages. In contrast, there was no consistent difference in δ values between saprophages and predators among winged insects, all of them being similar in the isotopic composition to soil-dwelling invertebrates. This result suggests that winged insects in the arthropod rain represented a random assemblage of specimens originating in different biotopes, but most were tightly linked to soil food webs. Overall, our data suggest that invertebrates falling from the crown space and flying arthropods originating from the soil are an important channel connecting food webs in tree crowns and in the soil.

scholarly journals Composite trait Mendelian Randomization reveals distinct metabolic and lifestyle consequences of differences in body shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Allen Sulc ◽  
Anthony Sonrel ◽  
Ninon Mounier ◽  
Chiara Auwerx ◽  
Eirini Marouli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Body Morphology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Abdominal Fat Deposition

Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide range of cardiometabolic diseases. As its genetic determinants have become increasingly elucidated, it has become feasible to investigate its health consequences via Mendelian randomisation (MR). To study the impact of different aspects of body morphology on health outcomes, we gathered fourteen body morphology measures and associated GWAS summary statistics from UK Biobank and used principal component analysis to reveal four major independent axes of genetically driven variation in body shape and size: overall body size, adiposity, predisposition to abdominal fat deposition, and lean mass. Enrichment analyses suggest that body size and adiposity are affected by genes involved in neuronal signalling, whereas body fat distribution and lean mass are dependent on genes involved in morphogenesis and energy homeostasis. Using MR, we found that the adiposity component had the strongest impact on cardiometabolic health and obesity-related diseases and its genetic basis was intertwined with aspects of lower socio-economic status (SES). Overall body size affected many of the same diseases in an independent manner, but was linked to a more sedentary lifestyle with no change in SES. The body mass-neutral component predisposing to abdominal fat deposition, likely reflecting a shift from subcutaneous to visceral fat, exhibited health effects that were weaker but more specifically linked to lipotoxicity, such as diabetes and heart disease. The presented decomposition approach sheds light on the biological mechanisms underlying the remarkably heterogeneous nature of body morphology as well as its consequences on health and lifestyle.

You Are Where You Live: Using the size of conodont dental tools to shed light on environmental conditions and community complexity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mulvey ◽  
Bryan Shirley ◽  
Fiona Pye ◽  
Nussaïbah B. Raja ◽  
Emilia Jarochowska
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Community Complexity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

<p>One of the most versatile tools in a palaeontologists’ “tool-kit” is body size analysis, which can be used to characterise and quantify a wide range of ecological and physiological traits.  Utilisation of these data allows insight into predator prey relationships, respiration rates, mortality rates, and even population dynamics. Body size analysis becomes essential when studying extinct organisms where few other clues to their ecology are available. An extreme example of such organisms are conodonts, which are hypothesised to be among the first predators.  Here, changes are tracked  through the Silurian Period using coniform conodont elements as a proxy for body size. Previous research focuses primarily on species turnover, however the data collected in this study is independent of species identification, relying purely on body size changes to reflect the ecology of the community. The size of coniform elements are measured across a number of bathymetries spanning approximately 10 million years. This allows a comparison of body size change not only across differing environments, but also through time. The morphometric measurements were determined using FossilJ, a plugin for ImageJ which facilitates semi-automated measurement of two-dimensional images. Firstly, our results show a clear correlation between body size change and onshore offshore gradients with smaller organisms residing at shallower water depths, unlike what is seen in today’s oceans. Secondly, specimens span across two of the three recorded isotopic excursions during the Silurian Period, the Mulde and Lau events. The impact of these events on conodont communities is represented by a reduction in body size directly after each. Furthermore, the results suggest the Mulde event may have had a stronger effect on these communities and could potentially reflect a time of stress and/or extinction for coniform conodonts.</p>

scholarly journals Decomposing the effects of ocean environments on predator–prey body-size relationships in food webs

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 180707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Dobashi ◽  
Midori Iida ◽  
Kazuhiro Takemoto
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Body-size relationships between predators and their prey are important in ecological studies because they reflect the structure and function of food webs. Inspired by studies on the impact of global warming on food webs, the effects of temperature on body-size relationships have been widely investigated; however, the impact of environmental factors on body-size relationships has not been fully evaluated because climate warming affects various ocean environments. Thus, here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of ocean environments and predator–prey body-size relationships by integrating a large-scale dataset of predator–prey body-size relationships in marine food webs with global oceanographic data. We showed that various oceanographic parameters influence prey size selection. In particular, oxygen concentration, primary production and salinity, in addition to temperature, significantly alter body-size relationships. Furthermore, we demonstrated that variability (seasonality) of ocean environments significantly affects body-size relationships. The effects of ocean environments on body-size relationships were generally remarkable for small body sizes, but were also significant for large body sizes and were relatively weak for intermediate body sizes, in the cases of temperature seasonality, oxygen concentration and salinity variability. These findings break down the complex effects of ocean environments on body-size relationships, advancing our understanding of how ocean environments influence the structure and functioning of food webs.

scholarly journals Global monitoring of soil animal communities using a common methodology

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton M. Potapov ◽  
Xin Sun ◽  
Maria J.I. Briones ◽  
George Brown ◽  
Erin Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Soil Food Webs ◽  
Animal Communities ◽  
Global Research

Here we introduce the Soil BON Foodweb Team, a cross-continental collaborative network that aims to monitor soil animal communities and food webs using consistent methodology at a global scale. Soil animals support vital soil processes via soil structure modification, direct consumption of dead organic matter, and interactions with microbial and plant communities. Soil animal effects on ecosystem functions have been demonstrated by correlative analyses as well as in laboratory and field experiments, but these studies typically focus on selected animal groups or species at one or few sites with limited variation in environmental conditions. The lack of comprehensive harmonised large-scale soil animal community data including microfauna, mesofauna, and macrofauna, in conjunction with related soil functions, limits our understanding of biological interactions in soil communities and how these interactions affect ecosystem functioning. To provide such data, the Soil BON Foodweb Team invites researchers worldwide to use a common methodology to address six long-term goals: (1) to collect globally representative harmonised data on soil micro-, meso-, and macrofauna communities; (2) to describe key environmental drivers of soil animal communities and food webs; (3) to assess the efficiency of conservation approaches for the protection of soil animal communities; (4) to describe soil food webs and their association with soil functioning globally; (5) to establish a global research network for soil biodiversity monitoring and collaborative projects in related topics; (6) to reinforce local collaboration networks and expertise and support capacity building for soil animal research around the world. In this paper, we describe the vision of the global research network and the common sampling protocol to assess soil animal communities and advocate for the use of standard methodologies across observational and experimental soil animal studies. We will use this protocol to conduct soil animal assessments and reconstruct soil food webs on the sites included in the global soil biodiversity monitoring network, Soil BON, allowing us to assess linkages among soil biodiversity, vegetation, soil physico-chemical properties, and ecosystem functions. In the present paper, we call for researchers especially from countries and ecoregions that remain underrepresented in the majority of soil biodiversity assessments to join us. Together we will be able to provide science-based evidence to support soil biodiversity conservation and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.

Unravelling the complex structure of forest soil food webs: higher omnivory and more trophic levels

Oikos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (10) ◽  
pp. 1157-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Digel ◽  
Alva Curtsdotter ◽  
Jens Riede ◽  
Bernhard Klarner ◽  
Ulrich Brose
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Soil Food Webs

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP PRACTICES TO TEAM MEMBERS’ SATISFACTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalimah .
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Leader Behavior ◽  
Team Leader ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

eamwork is becoming increasingly important to wide range of operations. It applies to all levels of the company. It is just as important for top executives as it is to middle management, supervisors and shop floor workers. Poor teamwork at any level or between levels can seriously damage organizational effectiveness. The focus of this paper was therefore to examine whether leadership practices consist of team leader behavior, conflict resolution style and openness in communication significantly influenced the team member’s satisfaction in hotel industry. Result indicates that team leader behavior and the conflict resolution style significantly influenced team member satisfaction. It was surprising that openness in communication did not affect significantly to the team members’ satisfaction.

Stress, anxiety, depression and burnout in frontline health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a brief systematic review and new data from Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mosolova ◽  
Dmitry Sosin ◽  
Sergey Mosolov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Impact

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been subject to increased workload while also exposed to many psychosocial stressors. In a systematic review we analyze the impact that the pandemic has had on HCWs mental state and associated risk factors. Most studies reported high levels of depression and anxiety among HCWs worldwide, however, due to a wide range of assessment tools, cut-off scores, and number of frontline participants in the studies, results were difficult to compare. Our study is based on two online surveys of 2195 HCWs from different regions of Russia during spring and autumn epidemic outbreaks revealed the rates of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and perceived stress as 32.3%, 31.1%, 45.5%, 74.2%, 37.7% ,67.8%, respectively. Moreover, 2.4% of HCWs reported suicidal thoughts. The most common risk factors include: female gender, nurse as an occupation, younger age, working for over 6 months, chronic diseases, smoking, high working demands, lack of personal protective equipment, low salary, lack of social support, isolation from families, the fear of relatives getting infected. These results demonstrate the need for urgent supportive programs for HCWs fighting COVID-19 that fall into higher risk factors groups.

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