scholarly journals What Determines Host Range and Reproductive Performance of an Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus; Lessons From Israel and California

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvi Mendel ◽  
Shannon C. Lynch ◽  
Akif Eskalen ◽  
Alex Protasov ◽  
Marcel Maymon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Wide Host Range ◽  
Trait Correlation

This study examined the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera; Scolytinae) native to Southeast Asia and concentrated on its wide host range in two of the invaded areas, California and Israel. Among the 583 examined tree species, 55.9% were characterized as “non-reproductive hosts” and only 13.8% were characterized as “reproductive hosts,” suitable for the E. fornicatus reproduction. Families that included ≥20 species and genera with ≥10 were considered for further analysis. The highest percentage of tree species suitable for reproduction was obtained for Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, whereas the lowest percentage of tree species belonging to this category were within the Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, and Magnoliaceae. The genera Acer, Quercus and Acacia displayed the highest percentage within the “reproductive host” category, with the former significantly higher from all seven of the studied genera. We found that all Brachychiton and Erythrina were attacked and none of the examined 20 Eucalyptus spp. were suitable for E. fornicatus reproduction. The results suggest discordance between host tree phylogeny and susceptibility to the E. fornicatus, indicating that trait correlation of susceptibility of different tree species to the E. fornicatus are the results of convergent evolution and not of a common descent. A theoretical model, suggesting the different possibilities of potential tree species becoming attractive or non-attractive to E. fornicatus attack, is described. It is suggested that the beetle reproduction success rate over a wide host range, as well as the long list of species belonging to the “non-reproductive host” category, is the outcome of interactions between the beetle fungal symbiont, F. euwallaceae, and sapwood of the attacked tree. The model suggests that a tree selected by the E. fornicatus may fall in one of three groups, (i) those in which F. euwallaceae is unable to develop, (ii) those tree species that slow the development of the fungus, and (iii) those that enable F. euwallaceae to thrive. Hence, the host range suitable for beetle reproduction is determined by development of F. euwallaceae. In general, PSHB does not distinguish between host species of the “non-reproductive host” and “reproductive host” categories.

Tree host range and world distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctoriu

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Tree Survival

The natural occurrence of Pisolithus tinctorius has been confirmed in 33 countries of the world and in 38 states in the United States. This ectomycorrhizal fungus is found associated with various tree species in nurseries, urban areas, orchards, forests, and strip-mined spoils. Experiments have proved that this fungal symbiont forms ectomycorrhizae with Abies procera, Betula pendula, Carya illinoensis, 11 species of Eucalyptus, 30 species of Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, 2 species of Quercus, and Tsuga heterophylla. Pisolithus has also been reported growing under natural conditions in association with three additional species of Betula, two species of Eucalyptus, nine species of Pinus, and eight species of Quercus, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga grandidenta, and Salix humilis.This fungal symbiont has great potential in forestation efforts because of (1) the availability of practical techniques for artificially introducing it into nursery soils; (2) its ability to improve tree survival and growth in the nursery and the field; (3) its near worldwide distribution on a variety of sites; and (4) its broad host range encompassing many of the world's most important tree species.

Host species influences body size and egg load of the bark beetle parasitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherah L. VanLaerhoven ◽  
Fred M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Roptrocerus Xylophagorum ◽  
Wide Host Range ◽  
The Relationship

As early as 1844, it was stated that the size of the host may influence the size of parasitoid adults (Ratzeburg 1844) and that parasitoid size may affect fecundity (Salt 1941). Although positive relationships between host and parasitoid body size have been supported in the literature (Tillman and Cate 1993; Heimpel and Rosenheim 1995), this relationship is not universal to all host–parasitoid systems (King 1991; Morse 1994). Although the relationship between host size and body size of parasitoid adults has been observed for some bark beetle parasitoids (Bushing 1967; Samson 1984), the relationship between body size and fecundity has not been studied for bark beetle parasitoids. Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a bark beetle parasitoid with a wide host range that includes beetles in the genera Dendroctonus, Ips, and Scolytus (Bushing 1967).

Wide host range of murine sarcoma virus

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 734-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johng S. Rhim ◽  
Mina L. Vernon ◽  
Fuw G. Duh ◽  
Robert J. Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Wide Host Range ◽  
Murine Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Murine Sarcoma

scholarly journals In Vitro-Transcribed Chrysanthemum stunt viroid RNA Is Infectious to Chrysanthemum and Other Plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Matsushita ◽  
Kumar K. R. Penmetcha
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Wide Host Range

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), a noncoding RNA, is known to cause chrysanthemum stunt disease, which affects the yield of flowers. To gain insights into CSVd replication, infection, and the reasons for the spreading of CSVd disease in chrysanthemum plants, we prepared linear CSVd RNA and analyzed its ability to cause disease in chrysanthemum plants. We found that linear CSVd replicated as efficiently as CSVd RNA isolated from the infected chrysanthemum plants. Additionally, the linear CSVd RNA was evaluated for its ability to infect other plants as well, which revealed that CSVd has a wide host range for its replication. Importantly, the CSVd isolated from these hosts is infectious to chrysanthemum plants, and thus potentially contributes to the spreading of the disease to chrysanthemum plants.

Host Range of Some Eucalypt Mycorrhizal Fungi

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genus Eucalyptus

Various fungi are shown to form mycorrhizas with a wide range of host species within the genus Eucalyptus. In general, the same fungi do not appear to be capable of forming mycorrhizas with Pinus.

Specificity

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-182
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Ecological Filter ◽  
Immune Defences

infect a number of host species. This host range is given by an ecological filter (the possibility of encounter) and a physiological one (the capacity of establishing an infection). Host ranges typically are right-skewed, with most parasites infecting only a few, but few infecting very many hosts. There is no universally valid hypothesis that explains host range. However, a number of factors contribute to host range, such as geographical range, phylogenetic distance, host predictability, and parasite virulence. Specificity and cross-reactivity of immune defences are important mechanisms. Moreover, immune memory is based on specificity; transgenerational immune priming protects offspring when parents have already been exposed to the same or similar parasites.

Songs to Syntax

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Berwick
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Brain

Language comprises a central component of a complex that is sometimes called “the human capacity.” This complex seems to have crystallized fairly recently among a small group in East Africa of whom people are all descendants. Common descent has been important in the evolution of the brain, such that avian and mammalian brains may be largely homologous, particularly in the case of brain regions involved in auditory perception, vocalization and auditory memory. There has been convergent evolution of the capacity for auditory-vocal learning, and possibly for structuring of external vocalizations, such that apes lack the abilities that are shared between songbirds and humans. Language’s recent evolutionary origin suggests that the computational machinery underlying syntax arose via the introduction of a single, simple, combinatorial operation. Further, the relation of a simple combinatorial syntax to the sensory-motor and thought systems reveals language to be asymmetric in design: while it precisely matches the representations required for inner mental thought, acting as the “glue” that binds together other internal cognitive and sensory modalities, at the same time it poses computational difficulties for externalization, that is, parsing and speech or signed production. Despite this mismatch, language syntax leads directly to the rich cognitive array that marks us as a symbolic species.

scholarly journals First interception of the greenhouse pest Echinothrips americanus Morgan, 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Slovakia

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Varga ◽  
P.J. Fedor
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Wide Host Range ◽  
Short Time ◽  
And Control

<i>Echinothrips americanus</i> Morgan, 1913, is one of the pest species that expanded their area of distribution in a relatively short time. Being native to the eastern parts of North America, its first European interception was recorded in 1989. Since then it has invaded greenhouses in most European countries, including Slovakia, where it was first recorded in inspected material at the Botanical garden in Košice. As a polyphagous thrips with a wide host range it may induce damage mainly on ornamentals, although if low in numbers it can be easily overlooked. The species is a suitable example where preventive steps against its spread have not been sufficient enough which, therefore, demands further monitoring. Remarks on morphology, identification, economical importance and control are also given.

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