scholarly journals Generation of Multi-Transgenic Pigs Using PiggyBac Transposons Co-expressing Pectinase, Xylanase, Cellulase, β-1.3-1.4-Glucanase and Phytase

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Wang ◽  
Guoling Li ◽  
Cuili Zhong ◽  
Jianxin Mo ◽  
Yue Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Cell Cloning ◽  
Transgenic Pigs ◽  
Enzymatic Assays ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Low Levels

The current challenges facing the pork industry are to maximize feed efficiency and minimize fecal emissions. Unlike ruminants, pigs lack several digestive enzymes such as pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, β-1.3-1.4-glucanase, and phytase which are essential to hydrolyze the cell walls of grains to release endocellular nutrients into their digestive tracts. Herein, we synthesized multiple cellulase and pectinase genes derived from lower organisms and then codon-optimized these genes to be expressed in pigs. These genes were then cloned into our previously optimized XynB (xylanase)- EsAPPA (phytase) bicistronic construct. We then successfully generated transgenic pigs that expressed the four enzymes [Pg7fn (pectinase), XynB (xylanase), EsAPPA (phytase), and TeEGI (cellulase and β-glucanase)] using somatic cell cloning. The expression of these genes was parotid gland specific. Enzymatic assays using the saliva of these founders demonstrated high levels of phytase (2.0∼3.4 U/mL) and xylanase (0.25∼0.42 U/mL) activities, but low levels of pectinase (0.06∼0.08 U/mL) activity. These multi-transgenic pigs are expected to contribute to enhance feed utilization and reduce environmental impact.

scholarly journals Generation of multi-transgenic pigs using PiggyBac transposons co-expressing pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, β-1.3-1.4-glucanase and phytase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Wang ◽  
Guoling Li ◽  
Cuili Zhong ◽  
Jianxin Mo ◽  
Yue Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Cell Cloning ◽  
Transgenic Pigs ◽  
Enzymatic Assays ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractThe current challenges facing the pork industry are to maximize feed efficiency and minimize fecal emissions. Unlike ruminants, pigs lack a number of digestive enzymes like pectinase, xylanase, cellulase, β-1.3-1.4-glucanase and phytase to hydrolyze the cell walls of grains to release endocellular nutrients into their digestive tracts. Herein, we synthesized multiple cellulase and pectinase genes derived from lower organisms and then codon optimized these genes to be expressed in pigs. These genes were then cloned into our previously optimized XynB (xylanase)- EsAPPA (phytase) bicistronic construct. We then successfully generated transgenic pigs that expressed four enzymes (Pg7fn (pectinase), XynB (xylanase), EsAPPA (phytase) and TeEGI (cellulase and β-glucanase)) using somatic cell cloning. Expression of these genes was parotid gland specific. Enzymatic assays using the saliva of these founders demonstrated high levels of phytase (2.0~3.4 U/mL) and xylanase (0.25~0.42 U/mL) activity, but low levels of pectinase (0.06~0.08 U/mL) activity. These multi-transgenic pigs are expected to contribute to enhance feed utilization and reduce environmental impact.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Gut Microbiotas to Transgenic Pigs Secreting β-Glucanase, Xylanase and Phytase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Mo ◽  
Guoling Li ◽  
Guangyan Huang ◽  
Haoqiang Wang ◽  
Junsong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transgenic Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Type D ◽  
Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase ◽  
Fractional Abundance ◽  
Marker Free

Abstract BackgroundThe gut microbiotas play an important role in digestive function and feed efficiency in pigs. However, the effect of exogenous digestive enzymes on the composition and functional contributions of swine intestinal microbes is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the change of gut microbiotas in the transgenic pigs secreting microbial digestive enzymes in their salivary glands.MethodsEGFP marker-free transgenic (MF-TG) pigs were generated by deleted the EGFP coding genes in the transgenic pigs we previously generated. Samples of chyme from the ileum, caecum and colon of five MF-TG and five wild-type (WT) sows were collected for investigating the gut microbiomes via metagenomics analyses.ResultsThe levels of probiotics were abundant in the caecum of MF-TG pigs and higher than those of WT pigs. By contrast, the levels of some harmful microorganisms were higher in the caecum of WT pigs than those of MF-TG pigs. In addition, the microorganisms in the colon of MF-TG pigs had high fractional abundance in DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 and serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase, whereas the aspartate carbamoyltransferase regulatory subunit and outer membrane protein pathways were enriched in WT pigs. Moreover, the levels of numerous carbohydrases in the caecum of MF-TG pigs were higher than those of WT pigs. ConclusionsThe results indicated that intestinal microbes can change adaptively to the secretion of transgenic enzymes, thereby forming a benign cooperation with their host.

Bromocriptine-induced reduction of body fat in pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Southern ◽  
A. H. Cincotta ◽  
A. H. Meier ◽  
T. D. Bidner ◽  
K. L. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Fat Thickness

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 36 crossbred finishing pigs (18 male castrates and 18 females) to evaluate the effect of bromocriptine implants on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and carcass characteristics. Three levels of bromocriptine (0, 5 and 10 mg/[pig·d]) were administered, via implants at the base of the ear, to six (two replicates of three) male castrates or to six (two replicates of three) intact female pigs (2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments). Average initial weight of pigs at the time of implantation was 89.7 kg, and the implants remained in the pigs for 28 (replicate 1) or 30 (replicate 2) d prior to slaughter. Gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were not affected (P > .10) by bromocriptine. Plasma urea nitrogen was lower in female pigs administered 10 mg bromocriptine; bromocriptine did not affect PUN of male pigs (gender × bromocriptine, P < .08). Tenth rib fat thickness and average backfat thickness were lower (P < .06) and percentage of muscling was higher (P < .06) in pigs implanted with bromocriptine. Female pigs had less 10th rib fat but larger loin eye areas and a greater percentage of muscling than male pigs.

BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY, SERUM PROGESTERONE AND FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS FED MELENGESTROL ACETATE AND MONENSIN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON ◽  
J. G. MANNS ◽  
H. H. NICHOLSON ◽  
G. ANNE HARROP
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Melengestrol Acetate ◽  
Additive Control ◽  
Daily Gain

The effects of melengestrol acetate (MGA, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.) and monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.) on estrous activity and feedlot performance of 96 yearling Hereford heifers (293 kg) were evaluated. Monensin was included at 33 mg/kg diet, except during the first 14 days when 11 mg/kg was fed; heifers received 0.4 mg MGA/head/day. The four treatments were: (1) no additive (control); (2) monensin; (3) MGA; (4) monensin plus MGA. The heifers were fed a finishing diet containing 66% barley and 30% brome-alfalfa hay for 98 days. Blood samples for progesterone analysis were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, 63, 70, 77 and 84 days after the start of the experiment. Morning and evening checks for estrous activity were made daily. Organic matter and crude protein digestion coefficients were increased (P < 0.05) by monensin, MGA and monensin plus MGA. Estrous activity was suppressed (P < 0.01) in heifers fed MGA and those fed monensin plus MGA. Serum progesterone concentrations in MGA and monensin plus MGA heifers were 42 and 51% lower (P < 0.01) than control values, respectively. Monensin improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency by 6%. MGA increased (P < 0.05) daily gain by 12% but had no effect on feed utilization. Heifers fed monensin plus MGA gained 17% (P < 0.05) faster and utilized feed 9% more efficiently than control heifers. These results show that MGA suppressed estrous activity in feedlot heifers, and that improvements in daily gain and feed efficiency were greatest with MGA and monensin, respectively.

scholarly journals The composition of the cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Buck ◽  
M. A. Obaidah
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Dark Blue

1. The cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali consisted of polysaccharides (85%), protein (4–6%), lipid (5%) and phosphorus (0.1%). 2. The main carbohydrate constituent was d-glucose; smaller amounts of d-glucosamine, d-galactose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, xylose and arabinose were also identified, and 16 common amino acids were detected. 3. Chitin, which accounted for most of the cell-wall glucosamine, was isolated in an undegraded form by an enzymic method. Chitosan was not detected, but traces of glucosamine were found in alkali-soluble and water-soluble fractions. 4. Cell walls were stained dark blue by iodine and were attacked by α-amylase, with liberation of glucose, maltose and maltotriose, indicating the existence of chains of α-(1→4)-linked glucopyranose residues. 5. Glucose and gentiobiose were liberated from cell walls by the action of an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, giving evidence for both β-(1→3)- and β-(1→6)-glucopyranose linkages. 6. Incubation of cell walls with Helix pomatia digestive enzymes released glucose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a non-diffusible fraction, containing most of the cell-wall galactose, mannose and rhamnose. Part of this fraction was released by incubating cell walls with Pronase; acid hydrolysis yielded galactose 6-phosphate and small amounts of mannose 6-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate as well as other materials. Extracellular polysaccharides of a similar nature were isolated and may be formed by the action of lytic enzymes on the cell wall. 7. About 30% of the cell wall was resistant to the action of the H. pomatia digestive enzymes; the resistant fraction was shown to be a predominantly α-(1→3)-glucan. 8. Fractionation of the cell-wall complex with 1m-sodium hydroxide gave three principal glucan fractions: fraction BB had [α]D +236° (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and showed two components on sedimentation analysis; fraction AA2 had [α]D −71° (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and contained predominantly β-linkages; fraction AA1 had [α]D +40° (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and may contain both α- and β-linkages.

Effect of the Ingestion of Porrocaecum (Codworm) on Growth, Voluntary Intake and Feed Efficiency of Beagle Pups

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Crampton ◽  
E. Donefer ◽  
Donna J. Schad
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
General Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Voluntary Intake

In a series of four feeding trials involving 94 beagle pups, it was shown that supplementation of a control ration with codworms at levels up to 80 per day (equivalent to 80 per 1000 Calories of intake), did not significantly impair the efficiency of feed utilization or induce any deterioration in the general health of the pups. Digestibility of this control ration, which consisted of dog meal plus a meat source, was not significantly altered by the addition of 20 codworms to the daily intake of each pup.

TRITICALE IN DIETS FOR YOUNG DAIRY CALVES

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Meal Effect ◽  
Low Levels

A study was conducted to compare feed intake and growth rate of young dairy calves receiving two levels of triticale (27.5 and 55% of a complete ration) with calves receiving barley diets supplemented with urea or soybean meal. Effect of pelleting the 55% triticale diet was also examined. Each experimental diet was fed to 10 dairy calves (five bulls and five heifers) from birth. Experimental diets were fed free choice throughout. Triticale (1967 crop) at both levels reduced weight gain and feed intake relative to the control diets; however, there was little effect on feed efficiency. Low levels of ergot contamination of the triticale may have played a role in feed intake depression. Pelleting the 55% triticale diet resulted in reduced feed intake, similar weight gain and increased feed efficiency. Rations containing urea resulted in reduced rumen levels of isobutyric acid.

scholarly journals FEED UTILIZATION: PRINCIPLES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSIOLOGY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Ruminal Microorganisms ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Ultimate Concern ◽  
The Cost

Feed efficiency should be taken in a wider context than the familiar feed to gain ratios which are used extensively. For the producer it is total cost of the feed versus the value of the product which is of ultimate concern. Improving feed cost efficiency can be achieved, for instance, by improving reproductive performance or by producing a product which has a higher market value, neither of which may necessarily increase the cost of feed. In considering feed utilization per se there are several levels of activity which may be subject to manipulation to improve efficiency. Administration of hormones, or hormone-like substances has long been in vogue. Some have proved useful such as estrogenic and androgenic agents whereas thyroproteins have not been proven to be of value. Growth hormone alone and in its interactions with somatostatin or insulin hold promise for improved feed efficiency. Another area of current interest is that of the neurohormonal system involving, for instance, the hypothalamic secretions and melatonin. Biotechnology processes such as gene transfer and cloning are creating much excitement. Genetic engineering of rumen, or extra ruminal, microorganisms may well become factors in improving feed efficiency. Key words: Feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, growth hormone, biotechnology, digestive efficiency

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