scholarly journals The “Gum–Gut” Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Hypothesis-Driven Review of Associations and Advances

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Byrd ◽  
Ajay S. Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Periodontal Inflammation ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

In modern medicine, the oral cavity has often been viewed as a passive conduit to the upper airways and gastrointestinal tract; however, its connection to the rest of the body has been increasingly explored over the last 40 years. For several diseases, the periodontium and gingiva are at the center of this oral-systemic link. Over 50 systemic conditions have been specifically associated with gingival and periodontal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which have recently been elevated from simple “associations” to elegant, mechanistic investigations. IBD and periodontitis have been reported to impact each other’s progression via a bidirectional relationship whereby chronic oral or intestinal inflammation can impact the other; however, the precise mechanisms for how this occurs remain unclear. Classically, the etiology of gingival inflammation (gingivitis) is oral microbial dysbiosis in the subgingival crevice that can lead to destructive periodontal disease (periodontitis); however, the current understanding of gingival involvement in IBD is that it may represent a separate disease entity from classical gingivitis, arising from mechanisms related to systemic inflammatory activation of niche-resident immune cells. Synthesizing available evidence, we hypothesize that once established, IBD can be driven by microbiomial and inflammatory changes originating specifically from the gingival niche through saliva, thereby worsening IBD outcomes and thus perpetuating a vicious cycle. In this review, we introduce the concept of the “gum–gut axis” as a framework for examining this reciprocal relationship between the periodontium and the gastrointestinal tract. To support and explore this gum–gut axis, we 1) provide a narrative review of historical studies reporting gingival and periodontal manifestations in IBD, 2) describe the current understanding and advances for the gum–gut axis, and 3) underscore the importance of collaborative treatment and research plans between oral and GI practitioners to benefit this patient population.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity Modulation by the IL-33/ST2 System in Intestinal Mucosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina García-Miguel ◽  
M. Julieta González ◽  
Rodrigo Quera ◽  
Marcela A. Hermoso
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Surface Contact Area ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Innate immunity prevents pathogens from entering and spreading within the body. This function is especially important in the gastrointestinal tract and skin, as these organs have a large surface contact area with the outside environment. In the intestine, luminal commensal bacteria are necessary for adequate food digestion and play a crucial role in tolerance to benign antigens. Immune system damage can create an intestinal inflammatory response, leading to chronic disease including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an IBD of unknown etiology with increasing worldwide prevalence. In the intestinal mucosa of UC patients, there is an imbalance in the IL-33/ST2 axis, an important modulator of the innate immune response. This paper reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 system in innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa and its importance in inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis.

scholarly journals Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Hans Herfarth ◽  
Andreas G. Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Magnetization Transfer ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Line Imaging ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Diagnostic imaging techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The approach should be guided by considerations of diagnostic accuracy, concerns about patient exposure to ionizing radiation, local expertise and tolerance of the endoscopic and/or imaging technique. In regard to the clinical diagnostic value (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), no significant differences exist between CT and MRI for the evaluation of the extent of inflammation, stricturing, penetrating disease or extraluminal complications such as abscesses. Due to the absence of radiation exposure, MRI of the intestine is recommended as the first-line imaging modality in patients with suspected or established IBD. The focus of this review is the latest developments in MRI techniques to detect IBDs. Specifically, the use of new indices for the grading of inflammation or assessing bowel damage as well as innovative experimental approaches such as diffusion-weighted imaging or magnetization-transfer MRI to evaluate and quantify the degree of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in stricturing Crohn's disease are discussed.

Oral Supplementation With Selected Lactobacillus Acidophilus Triggers Antimicrobial Response, Activation of Innate Lymphoid Cells Type 3 And Improves Colitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Hrdý ◽  
Aurélie Couturier-Maillard ◽  
Denise Boutillier ◽  
Carmen Lapadatescu ◽  
Philippe Blanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Live biotherapeutic products constitute an emerging therapeutic approach to prevent or treat inflammatory bowel diseases. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a constituent of the human microbiota with probiotic potential, that are illustrated by direct and indirect antimicrobial activity against several pathogens and improvement of intestinal inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the L. acidophilus strain BIO5768 and assessed the underlying mechanisms of action. BIO5768 was able to counteract the acute colitis that is induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). When administered alone or in combination with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis BIO5764 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri, BIO5768 was also able to alleviate intestinal inflammation induced by Citrobacter rodentium infection. Supplementation of naïve mice with either strain BIO5768 alone or as mixture, increased the gene expression of several target genes involved in immune signaling, including c-type lectin Reg3 gamma. Consistently, the ability of innate lymphoid cells to secrete IL-22 was enhanced in response to BIO5768. Interestingly, the aforementioned responses were shown to be independent of NOD2 and Th17 signaling in mice that were mono-colonized with BIO5768. In conclusion, we identify a new potential probiotic strain with the ability for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases, and provide some insights into its mode of action.

scholarly journals Microbiota-independent immunological effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Del Fabbro ◽  
Philip C. Calder ◽  
Caroline E. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The aim of the present paper is to review the effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on immunity, focusing on their microbiota-independent mechanisms of action, as well as to explore their potential beneficial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are chronic, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Individuals with IBD have an aberrant immune response to commensal microbiota, resulting in extensive mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. NDO are prebiotic fibres well known for their role in supporting intestinal health through modulation of the gut microbiota. NDO reach the colon intact and are fermented by commensal bacteria, resulting in the production of SCFA with immunomodulatory properties. In disease states characterised by increased gut permeability, prebiotics may also bypass the gut barrier and directly interact with intestinal and systemic immune cells, as demonstrated in patients with IBD and in infants with an immature gut. In vitro models show that fructooligosaccharides, inulin and galactooligosaccharides exert microbiota-independent effects on immunity by binding to toll-like receptors on monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating cytokine production and immune cell maturation. Moreover, animal models and human supplementation studies demonstrate that some prebiotics, including inulin and lactulose, might reduce intestinal inflammation and IBD symptoms. Although there are convincing preliminary data to support NDO as immunomodulators in the management of IBD, their mechanisms of action are still unclear and larger standardised studies need to be performed using a wider range of prebiotics.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Role of the Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1536-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Lissner ◽  
Britta Siegmund
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that coordinate the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in response to pathogens and metabolic danger. Both cytokines have been linked to intestinal inflammation. However, recently evolving concepts ascribe a major role to the inflammasome in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. This review recapitulates its position in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, thereby outlining a model in which hypo- as well as hyperfunctionality can lead to an imbalance of the system, depending on the specific cell population affected. In the epithelium, the inflammasome is essential for regulation of permeability and epithelial regeneration through sensing of commensal microbes, while excessive inflammasome activation within the lamina propria contributes to severe intestinal inflammation.

scholarly journals Interleukin-33 and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Lessons from Human Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Nunes ◽  
Claudio Bernardazzi ◽  
Heitor S. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Interleukin 33 ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Different Cell Types

Interleukin- (IL-) 33 is a widely expressed cytokine present in different cell types, such as epithelial, mesenchymal, and inflammatory cells, supporting a predominant role in innate immunity. IL-33 can function as a proinflammatory cytokine inducing Th2 type of immune response being involved with the defense against parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, it has been proposed that IL-33 can act as a signaling molecule alerting the immune system of danger or tissue damage. Recently, in the intestinal mucosa, overexpression of IL-33 has been reported in samples from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This review highlights the available data regarding IL-33 in human IBD and discusses emerging roles for IL-33 as a key modulator of intestinal inflammation.

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