scholarly journals The Multifaceted Nature of Streptococcal Antigen I/II Proteins in Colonization and Disease Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider S. Manzer ◽  
Angela H. Nobbs ◽  
Kelly S. Doran
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Streptococcal Antigen ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Surface Adhesins ◽  
Natural Microbiota ◽  
Disease Antigen

Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the natural microbiota of humans and animals. Certain streptococcal species are known as opportunistic pathogens with the potential to cause severe invasive disease. Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family proteins are sortase anchored cell surface adhesins that are nearly ubiquitous across streptococci and contribute to many streptococcal diseases, including dental caries, respiratory tract infections, and meningitis. They appear to be multifunctional adhesins with affinities to various host substrata, acting to mediate attachment to host surfaces and stimulate immune responses from the colonized host. Here we will review the literature including recent work that has demonstrated the multifaceted nature of AgI/II family proteins, focusing on their overlapping and distinct functions and their important contribution to streptococcal colonization and disease.

scholarly journals 2903. Post PCV13 Dynamics of NonVaccine Serotype (NVT): Disproportionate Increase of the Additional PCV20 Candidate Serotypes in Respiratory and Invasive Disease in Young Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S83-S84
Author(s):  
Shalom Ben-Shimol ◽  
Noga Givon-Lavi ◽  
Leore Kotler ◽  
David Greenberg ◽  
Ron Dagan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background PCV13 implementation in children resulted in a substantial decline in carriage of and disease by vaccine serotypes (VT13). However, disease caused by non-PCV13 serotypes (NVT) is still relatively prevalent and even increasing, leading to an effort to develop a 20-valent vaccine (PCV20), containing the additional 7 serotypes: 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B/C, 22F, 33F (VT20-13). We assessed dynamics of VT13, VT20-13, and non-PCV20 (NVT20) in nasopharyngeal carriage, respiratory infections, and IPD in children < 2 years following PCV13 implementation. Methods Multiple prospective, population-based surveillance projects, conducted in Israel between 2009 and 2017 were used. We studied isolates from IPD; otitis media (OM); conjunctivitis; carriage in healthy children; carriage during lower respiratory tract infections with chest radiography examination (LRI); and carriage during non-LRI illnesses. We added data from healthy children in the community since 2011. Prevalence rate ratios were calculated, comparing VT13, VT20-13 and NVT20 rates in late-PCV13 (2015–2017) vs. early-PCV (2009–2011) periods. Results Overall, 9,089 episodes were recorded. VT13 declined significantly in all 6 groups by 75–86% (Figures 1 and 2). Proportions of VT20-13 significantly increased in all groups, excluding conjunctivitis. The highest increases were observed in IPD, OM, and carriage during LRI. In 2015–2017, VT20-13 consisted 24%, 23%, and 19% of carriage in healthy children, carriage in non-LRI illness, and conjunctivitis, respectively, vs. 51%, 33%, and 32% in IPD, OM, and carriage during LRI. VT20-13 rapidly became the leading fraction in IPD. NVT20 proportions increased in all groups. Conclusion (1) PCV13 implementation resulted in a substantial increase in NVT carriage and disease; (2) In IPD, VT20-13 became the dominant group; (3) The increases in the proportion of VT20-13 seen in OM and carriage during LRI was significantly higher than in conjunctivitis and in carriage without LRI. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

scholarly journals IMPROVING THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY BY THE COMBINATION OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (ZrO2) AND CEFTAZIDIME AGAINST KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Zro2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles

Introduction: Klebsilla pneumoniae is one of must opportunistic pathogens that causes nosocomial infection, UTI, respiratory tract infections and blood infections. ZrO2 nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Ceftazidime is one of third generation cephalosporins groups of antibiotecs, characterized by its broad spectrum on bacteria in general and particularly on Enterobacteriaceae family like Klebsiella spp. Method: Diverse clinical samples of Klebsilla pneumoniae were isolated from several hospitals in Baghdad – Iraq and ZrO2 nanoparticles was investigated against it. Ceftazidime was also investigated against K. pneumoniae. Both of ZrO2 nanoparticles and ceftazidime were mixed together and investigated against K. pneumoniae. Results: The result showed that ZrO2 nanoparticles were effectivity on inhibiting opportunistic pathogens. By using zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Klebsiella pneumonia isolates in 24h. of incubation time, inhibition zones were (38,34,10,10,8,0) mm respectively on agar plates. By using ceftazidime alone against the same bacteria inhibition zones were (40,32,10,9,8,0) mm. respectively. Conclusion:The present study results that the antibacterial activity of ceftazidime against bacteria was increased when combination between ZrO2 nanoparticles and the antibiotic had done, because, inhibition zones in case of mixing both of ZrO2 nanoparticles and ceftazidime were (43,40,12,12,10,0) mm respectively. So that we can conclude that the combination of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2) and ceftazidime was a useful method for the treatment of Klebsilla pneumonia that cause nosocomial infection, UTI, respiratory tract infections and blood infections.

scholarly journals POLA BAKTERI DARI SPUTUM PENDERITA INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN DI PUSKESMAS BAHU

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imelda Serviyanti ◽  
Standy Soeliongan ◽  
Constantyn Kountul
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
First Order ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Descriptive Method

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Respiratory tract infections are diseases that are common with mild to severe manifestations. Data From Bahu public health centers in 2009 there were 266 patients with respiratory tract infections and ranks first of five major diseases in Bahu public health centers and in 2011 is still the first order of 10 major diseases. This study aimed to determine the pattern of the bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections in Bahu public health centers. Research methods: The study used a prospective descriptive method through sputum culture studies in patients with respiratory tract infections Puskesmas Shoulder period November 2012 - January 2013. Results: From the results of the study found that gram-positive bacteria were more common in comparison with gram negative. Conclusion: The bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections are the most widely found is Streptoccocus sp. Keywords: Bacteria, Sputum, Respiratory Tract Infection.     Abstrak: Latar belakang dan Tujuan: Infeksi saluran pernafasan merupakan penyakit yang sering dijumpai dengan manifestasi ringan sampai berat. Data dari Puskesmas Bahu pada tahun 2009 terdapat 266 penderita infeksi saluran pernapasan dan menempati urutan pertama dari 5 penyakit utama di Puskesmas Bahu dan pada tahun 2011 masih merupakan urutan pertama dari 10 penyakit utama.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola bakteri penyebab infeksi saluran pernapsan di Puskesmas Bahu. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif prospektif melalui penelitian kultur sputum penderita infeksi saluran pernapasan di Puskesmas Bahu periode November 2012 – Januari  2013. Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa bakteri gram positif lebih banyak ditemukan di bandingkan dengan gram negatif. Kesimpulan: Bakteri penyebab infeksi saluran pernapasan yang paling banyak di temukan adalah Streptoccocus sp. Kata Kunci: Bakteri, Sputum, Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Grepafloxacin

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (suppl e) ◽  
pp. 4E-9E
Author(s):  
B Wiedemann ◽  
P Heisig
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Profile ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Relative Differences

Grepafloxin has an extremely broad spectrum of activity. Its activity against Gram-positive bacteria exceeds that of currently available quinolones. Grepafloxacin-resistant mutants seem to occur less frequently than ciprofloxacin - or ofloxacin-resistant mutants, and the increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the former mutants is less than that of the latter. This applies only to the relative differences (in dilution steps); the absolute values are similar. Grepafloxacin kills Gram-positive bacteria at concentrations little above the MIC. Its pharmacodynamic profile against pneumococci is promising, favouring use of this drug for respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Septic arthritis and hemarthroses caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype A in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi S. Samraj ◽  
Jaime Fergie
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Serotype A ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Tract Infections

Invasive disease caused by <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> serotype A (Hia) is rare in children. Clinical syndromes caused by Hia include meningitis, sepsis and respiratory tract infections. Septic arthritis is rare in children with invasive Hia infection and hemarthrosis has not been described in the published literature. We report a case of septic arthritis and hemarthrosis caused by Hia infection in a 2.5 year-old-boy and review invasive Hia infection in children.

Pneumococcal association to platelets is mediated by soluble fibrin and supported by thrombospondin-1

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Heilmann ◽  
Claudia Rennemeier ◽  
Georg Peters ◽  
Sven Hammerschmidt ◽  
Silke Niemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Simultaneous Formation ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Adhesive Surface ◽  
Invasive Diseases ◽  
Thrombospondin 1 ◽  
Tract Infections

SummaryPlatelets and coagulation are involved in bacterial colonisation of the host. Streptocococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are important etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections in humans. The formation of pneumococci-platelet associations may facilitate haematogenous dissemination of pneumococci by providing an adhesive surface on damaged endothelium. However, the formation of platelet-pneumococci associations and the factors involved in this process have not been described so far. The formation of platelet-pneumococci associates was analysed and quantified using flow cytometry. Binding of pneumococci to platelets was significantly increased after activation of platelets with thrombin, while platelet activation by ADP or collagen did not promote formation of platelet-pneumococci associates. In addition to be a platelet agonist, thrombin cleaves fibrinogen, which results in the generation of fibrin. The simultaneous formation of fibrin and activation of platelets was shown to be a prerequisite for a high number of platelet-pneumococci associates. Moreover, exogenously added human thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) significantly enhanced the association of pneumococci with activated platelets. Soluble fibrin and TSP-1 are key co-factors of platelet-pneumococci-association. Similar results were recently demonstrated for S. aureus-platelet adhesion. Consequently, we hypothesise that the described mechanism of platelet-bacteriaassociation might represent a general and important strategy of Gram-positive bacteria during development of invasive diseases.

scholarly journals Spotlight on New Antibiotics for the Treatment of Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117954842098278
Author(s):  
Alessandro Russo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
New Compounds

In the last years, the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative (like Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii) and Gram-positive bacteria (mostly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) was worldwide reported, limiting the options for an effective antibiotic therapy. For these reasons, inappropriate antimicrobial therapy and delayed prescription can lead to an unfavorable outcome, especially in patients with pneumonia. New antibiotics approved belong to classes of antimicrobials, like beta-lactams with or without beta-lactamase inhibitors, aminoglycosides, oxazolidinones, quinolones, and tetracyclines, or based on new mechanisms of action. These new compounds show many advantages, including a broad spectrum of activity against MDR pathogens, good lung penetration, safety and tolerability, and finally the possibility of intravenous and/or oral formulations. However, the new antibiotics under development represent an important possible armamentarium against difficult-to-treat strains. The safety and clinical efficacy of these future drugs should be tested in clinical practice. In this review, there are reported characteristics of newly approved antibiotics that represent potential future options for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Finally, the characteristics of the drugs under development are briefly reported.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Antibiotics Containing Citrobacter Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Dohtukaeva ◽  
L Molochaeva ◽  
Y Usaeva ◽  
F Turlova ◽  
T Khasanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Abdominal Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Enterobacteria are one of the most common infectious agents among opportunistic pathogens. Both among community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections, such as intestinal and extra-intestinal localization (urinary, respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, skin and soft tissues, as well as generalized infections), the cases with resistant citrobacteria are quite common to observe. Recently, Citrobacter bacteria are getting widely spread as determinants of antibiotic resistance through its representatives. This fact greatly complicates the therapy towards infections.

scholarly journals Serious Antimicrobial Resistance Status of Pathogens Causing Hospital-acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in North China

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
R Zhang ◽  
W Li ◽  
Y Feng ◽  
T Leng
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogens causing hospital-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in Shandong Province, China were investigated using data collected from January 2002 to December 2006. A total of 10337 isolates were characterized in sputum samples from 39 920 LRTI patients: 68.72% were Gram-negative bacteria, 20.65% were Gram-positive bacteria, and 10.62% were fungi. Organisms most frequently isolated were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.88%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.80%), Escherichia coli (10.71%), fungi (10.62%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.68%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (9.03%). Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria. Most Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin. Susceptibility to cephalosporins was not optimal and resistance to fluoroquinolones was high. Resistance of Gram-negative bacteria showed a rapid increase over the study period, while resistance of Gram-positive bacteria remained relatively stable. The emergence of resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents used against LRTI pathogens has compounded the problem of using empirical therapy and created selective pressure on physicians to use certain antibiotics.

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