Bovine Teat Cistern Microbiota Composition and Richness Are Associated With the Immune and Microbial Responses During Transition to Once-Daily Milking

The relationship between microbiota and health has been widely reported in humans and animals. We established a link between teat cistern microbiota composition and bovine mastitis, an inflammatory disease often due to bacterial infections. To further decipher the relationships between teat cistern microbiota and immune and microbial responses, a switch from twice- to once-daily milking (ODM) in 31 initially healthy quarters of dairy cows was used to trigger an udder perturbation. In this study, a temporal relationship was reported between initial teat cistern microbiota composition and richness, the immune response to ODM, and mastitis development. Quarters with a low initial microbiota richness and taxonomic markers such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were associated with a higher rate of mastitis during ODM. Quarters with a higher richness and taxonomic markers such as Firmicutes, including the Lachnospiraceae family, and genera such as Bifidobacterium and Corynebacterium displayed early inflammation following transition to ODM but without developing mastitis (no infection). Short-term compositional shifts of microbiota indicates that microbiotas with a higher initial richness were more strongly altered by transition to ODM, with notably the disappearance of rare OTUs. Microbiota modifications were associated with an early innate immune system stimulation, which, in turn, may have contributed to the prevention of mastitis development.

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Microbiota in Healthy Skin and in Atopic Eczema

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/436921 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Giuseppe Baviera ◽

Maria Chiara Leoni ◽

Lucetta Capra ◽

Francesca Cipriani ◽

Giorgio Longo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Eczema ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Healthy Skin ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Disease States ◽

The Relationship

The Italian interest group (IG) on atopic eczema and urticaria is member of the Italian Society of Allergology and Immunology. The aim of our IG is to provide a platform for scientists, clinicians, and experts. In this review we discuss the role of skin microbiota not only in healthy skin but also in skin suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). A Medline and Embase search was conducted for studies evaluating the role of skin microbiota. We examine microbiota composition and its development within days after birth; we describe the role of specific groups of microorganisms that colonize distinct anatomical niches and the biology and clinical relevance of antimicrobial peptides expressed in the skin. Specific AD disease states are characterized by concurrent and anticorrelated shifts in microbial diversity and proportion ofStaphylococcus. These organisms may protect the host, defining them not as simple symbiotic microbes but rather as mutualistic microbes. These findings reveal links between microbial communities and inflammatory diseases such as AD and provide novel insights into global shifts of bacteria relevant to disease progression and treatment. This review also highlights recent observations on the importance of innate immune systems and the relationship with normal skin microflora for the maintenance of healthy skin.

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RIG-I-induced innate antiviral immunity protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection

10.1101/2021.08.06.455405 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samira Marx ◽

Beate M Kuemmerer ◽

Christian Gruetzner ◽

Hiroki Kato ◽

Martin Schlee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Innate Immune System ◽

Systemic Treatment ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Lower Viral Load ◽

Emerging Viruses ◽

Short Term ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

Innate Antiviral Immunity ◽

Host Antiviral Response

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has underscored the need for rapidly employable prophylactic and antiviral treatments against emerging viruses. Nucleic acid agonists of the innate immune system can be administered to activate an effective antiviral program for prophylaxis in exposed populations, a measure of particular relevance for SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its efficient evasion of the host antiviral response. In this study, we utilize the K18-hACE2 mouse model of COVID-19 to examine whether prophylactic activation of the antiviral receptor RIG-I protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Systemic treatment of mice with a specific RIG-I ligand one to seven days prior to infection with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 improved their survival of by up to 50 %. Improved survival was associated with lower viral load in oropharyngeal swabs and in the lungs and brain of RIG-I-treated mice. Moreover, despite antiviral protection, the surviving mice that were treated with RIG-I ligand developed adaptive SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. These results reveal that prophylactic RIG-I activation by synthetic RNA oligonucleotides is a promising strategy to convey short-term, unspecific antiviral protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be a suitable broad-spectrum approach to constraining the spread of newly emerging viruses until virus-specific therapies and vaccines become available.

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The Effect of Short-Term Hyperglycemia on the Innate Immune System

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 351 (2) ◽

pp. 201-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Nagham Jafar ◽

Hawa Edriss ◽

Kenneth Nugent

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Short Term

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Changes in the microbiota cause genetically modified Anopheles to spread in a population

Science ◽

10.1126/science.aak9691 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 357 (6358) ◽

pp. 1396-1399 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Andrew Pike ◽

Yuemei Dong ◽

Nahid Borhani Dizaji ◽

Anthony Gacita ◽

Emmanuel F. Mongodin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Wild Type ◽

Immune Genes ◽

Cage Population ◽

Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

The mosquito’s innate immune system controls both Plasmodium and bacterial infections. We investigated the competitiveness of mosquitoes genetically modified to alter expression of their own anti-Plasmodium immune genes in a mixed-cage population with wild-type mosquitoes. We observed that genetically modified mosquitoes with increased immune activity in the midgut tissue did not have an observed fitness disadvantage and showed reduced microbial loads in both the midgut and reproductive organs. These changes result in a mating preference of genetically modified males for wild-type females, whereas wild-type males prefer genetically modified females. These changes foster the spread of the genetic modification in a mosquito cage population.

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Deficiency in Hematopoietic Phosphatase Ptpn6/Shp1 Hyperactivates the Innate Immune System and Impairs Control of Bacterial Infections in Zebrafish Embryos

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.1200551 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 190 (4) ◽

pp. 1631-1645 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Zakia Kanwal ◽

Anna Zakrzewska ◽

Jeroen den Hertog ◽

Herman P. Spaink ◽

Marcel J. M. Schaaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Zebrafish Embryos

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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Reduces the Growth of Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Macrophages

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.6.3783-3786.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 3783-3786 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Mauro Oddo ◽

Thierry Calandra ◽

Richard Bucala ◽

Pascal R. A. Meylan

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Host Response ◽

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Inhibitory Factor ◽

Macrophage Migration ◽

Human Macrophages

ABSTRACT Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key mediator of the innate immune system and plays a crucial role in the host response to bacterial infections. Its role in immunity to intracellular pathogens has not been well studied. Here, we show that MIF released by infected human macrophages inhibits the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Mapping of <i>CARD4</i> gene to pig chromosome 18 (Brief report) (Kartierung des <i>CARD4</i> Gens auf dem Schweinechromosom Nr. 18)

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-49-517-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 517-518

Author(s):

P. S. Van Cleave ◽

K. L. Glenn ◽

M. F. Rothschild

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Chromosomal Location ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Chromosome 7 ◽

Rh Mapping ◽

Domain Family ◽

Caspase Recruitment Domain ◽

Transcription Enhancer

Abstract. The caspase recruitment domain family, member 4 gene (CARD4) is a member of the CATERPILLER (caspase recruitment domain, transcription enhancer, r (purine)-binding, pyrin, lots of leucine repeats) family. In humans, CARD4 has been shown to be involved in the innate immune system responsible for cytosolic recognition of bacteria. This gene also contributes to the inflammation processes seen in asthma (HYSI et al., 2005) and intestinal bacterial infections (KIM et al., 2004). The human CARD4 gene is located on chromosome 7. It contains 14 exons and spans approximately 4.4 kb. The objective of this study was to determine the chromosomal location of CARD4 in the pig by linkage and RH mapping.

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Synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the innate immune system

10.1101/057927 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Chung Yin (Joey) Leung ◽

Joshua S. Weitz

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Numerical Simulations ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Burn Wound

AbstractPhage therapy has been viewed as a potential treatment for bacterial infections for over a century. Yet, the year 2016 marks the first phase I/II human trial of a phage therapeutic - to treat burn wound patients in Europe. The slow progress in realizing clinical therapeutics is matched by a similar dearth in principled understanding of phage therapy. Theoretical models and in vitro experiments find that combining phage and bacteria often leads to coexistence of both phage and bacteria or phage elimination altogether. Both outcomes stand in contrast to the stated goals of phage therapy. A potential resolution to the gap between models, experiments, and therapeutic use of phage is the hypothesis that the combined effect of phage and host immune system can synergistically eliminate bacterial pathogens. Here, we propose a phage therapy model that considers the nonlinear dynamics arising from interactions between bacteria, phage and the host innate immune system. The model builds upon earlier efforts by incorporating a maximum capacity of the immune response and density-dependent immune evasion by bacteria. We analytically identify a synergistic regime in this model in which phage and the innate immune response jointly contribute to the elimination of the target bacteria. Crucially, we find that in this synergistic regime, neither phage alone nor the innate immune system alone can eliminate the bacteria. We confirm these findings using numerical simulations in biologically plausible scenarios. We utilize our numerical simulations to explore the synergistic effect and its significance for guiding the use of phage therapy in clinically relevant applications.

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Bacterial glycans and their interactions with lectins in the innate immune system

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst20170410 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 1569-1579 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mariano Prado Acosta ◽

Bernd Lepenies

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Immune Recognition ◽

Lectin Receptors ◽

Bacterial Surfaces ◽

Bacterial Glycosylation

Bacterial surfaces are rich in glycoconjugates that are mainly present in their outer layers and are of great importance for their interaction with the host innate immune system. The innate immune system is the first barrier against infection and recognizes pathogens via conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Lectins expressed by innate immune cells represent an important class of PRRs characterized by their ability to recognize carbohydrates. Among lectins in innate immunity, there are three major classes including the galectins, siglecs, and C-type lectin receptors. These lectins may contribute to initial recognition of bacterial glycans, thus providing an early defence mechanism against bacterial infections, but they may also be exploited by bacteria to escape immune responses. In this review, we will first exemplify bacterial glycosylation systems; we will then describe modes of recognition of bacterial glycans by lectins in innate immunity and, finally, we will briefly highlight how bacteria have found ways to exploit these interactions to evade immune recognition.

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Toll-Like Receptors Dysregulation after Influenza Virus Infection: Insights into Pathogenesis of Subsequent Bacterial Pneumonia

ISRN Pulmonology ◽

10.5402/2011/142518 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yoav Keynan ◽

Keith R. Fowke ◽

T. Blake Ball ◽

Adrienne F. A. Meyers

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Bacterial Pneumonia ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Shed Light ◽

Recent Insight

The innate immune system utilizes an intricate network to aid in fighting foreign invaders. Recent insight and understanding of toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been critical in providing key information about early responses to infection, and more recently, understanding dysregulation of TLRs has shed light on pathogenic states. This paper addresses the importance of innate immunity and TLR regulation of immune responses to the presence of influenza infection and its role in the subsequent bacterial infections.

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