scholarly journals Pichia anomala Induced With Chitosan Triggers Defense Response of Table Grapes Against Post-harvest Blue Mold Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa Abiso Godana ◽  
Qiya Yang ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Xiaoyun Zhang ◽  
Jizhan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Pichia Anomala ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Disease Defense

To study the mechanism by which Pichia anomala induced with chitosan (1% w/v) controls blue mold disease in table grapes caused by Penicillium expansum, this study evaluated alterations in three yeast enzymatic activities. The changes in the five primary disease defense-related enzymes and two non-enzyme activities of table grapes were assayed. The results of the study showed that chitosan (1% w/v) significantly increased the yeast β-1,3-glucanase, catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities. Furthermore, P. anomala alone or induced with chitosan (1% w/v) significantly increased the table grapes enzymatic activities of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) compared to the control. The RT-qPCR results also confirmed that the genes of these major disease defense enzymes were up-regulated when the table grapes were treated with P. anomala. The highest results were recorded when the fruit was treated by yeast induced with chitosan (1% w/v). The phenolic compounds, in addition to their nutritional value, can also increase the antimicrobial properties of table grapes. The current experiment determined that the total phenol and flavonoid contents of table grapes showed the highest results for fruits treated by P. anomala induced with chitosan compared with the control. Generally, the increment of these fruit enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities shows improved table grape defense against the pathogenic fungus. The induction of the yeast with chitosan also increases its bio-control efficacy against the pathogen. This study will enable future detailed investigation in the yeast pathogen control mechanisms and the use of yeasts as bio-pesticides.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Characterization and Expression Profiles of Disease Defense-Related Genes of Table Grapes in Response to Pichia anomala Induced with Chitosan

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Wanying Hu ◽  
Esa Abiso Godana ◽  
Meiqiu Xu ◽  
Qiya Yang ◽  
Solairaj Dhanasekaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Pichia Anomala ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Disease Defense

Transcriptome analysis (TA) was conducted to characterize the transcriptome changes in postharvest disease-related genes of table grapes following treatment with Pichia anomala induced with chitosan (1% w/v). In the current study, the difference in the gene expression of table grapes after treatment with P. anomala induced with chitosan and that of a control group was compared 72 h post-inoculation. The study revealed that postharvest treatment of table grapes with P. anomala induced with chitosan could up-regulate genes that have a pivotal role in the fruit’s disease defense. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results also confirmed that GO terms and the KEGG pathways, which have pivotal roles in plant disease resistance, were significantly enriched. The up-regulated genes of the treatment group have a unique function in the fruit’s disease resistance compared to the control group. Generally, most genes in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway; the plant Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway; the plant hormone signal transduction pathway; the pathway of glutathione metabolism; the pathway of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis were all up-regulated. These up-regulations help the fruit to synthesize disease-resistant substances, regulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhance the fruit cell wall, and enrich hormone signal transduction during the pathogen’s attack. This study is useful to overcome the lags in applying transcriptomics technology in postharvest pathology, and will provide insight towards developing other alternative methods to using bio-pesticides to control postharvest diseases of perishables.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Mentha × piperita cv. ‘Kristinka’ Essential Oil

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1567
Author(s):  
Ippolito Camele ◽  
Daniela Gruľová ◽  
Hazem S. Elshafie
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Main Components

Several economically important crops, fruits and vegetables are susceptible to infection by pathogenic fungi and/or bacteria postharvest or in field. Recently, plant essential oils (EOs) extracted from different medicinal and officinal plants have had promising antimicrobial effects against phytopathogens. In the present study, the potential microbicide activity of Mentha × piperita cv. ‘Kristinka’ (peppermint) EO and its main constituents have been evaluated against some common phytopathogens. In addition, the cell membrane permeability of the tested fungi and the minimum fungicidal concentrations were measured. The antifungal activity was tested against the following postharvest fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger, whereas antibacterial activity was evaluated against Clavibacter michiganensis, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas savastanoi and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola. The chemical analysis has been carried out using GC-MS and the main components were identified as menthol (70.08%) and menthone (14.49%) followed by limonene (4.32%), menthyl acetate (3.76%) and β-caryophyllene (2.96%). The results show that the tested EO has promising antifungal activity against all tested fungi, whereas they demonstrated only a moderate antibacterial effect against some of the tested bacteria.

scholarly journals Controlled biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles with Coffea arabica using factorial design

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanderson Juvencio Keijok ◽  
Rayssa Helena Arruda Pereira ◽  
Luis Alberto Contreras Alvarez ◽  
Adilson Ribeiro Prado ◽  
André Romero da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Aromatic Molecules

Abstract Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has become incredibly popular, mainly by minimizing problems of environmental contamination and by being able to reduce, stabilize and potentially functionalize nanomaterials. Such compounds have possible applications in various areas, e.g., pharmaceuticals (drug delivery systems, cosmetics), textile industry (clothing with antimicrobial properties), diagnostic medicine (imaging, high efficiency biosensors), energy (solar panels), bioremediation, among others. However, the lack of reproducibility and information on the control mechanisms during synthesis have made the application of green-synthesized nanoparticles unfeasible. Thus, this study proposed the investigation of the main mechanisms affecting synthesis control, using factorial design for the preparation of gold nanoparticles with extract of Coffea arabica. We obtained stable (Zeta Potential, UV-vis and DLS), monodisperse, and quasi-spherical (TEM) nanoparticles, which presented adsorbed aromatic molecules (FTIR and RAMAN) and defined crystal structure (XRD), proving that the plant extract acted as a reducing agent, as well as a stabilizer and functionalizer for the synthesized nanostructures. The factorial design employed here to obtain gold nanoparticles with Coffea arabica extract allowed for a controlled and reproducible synthesis, enabling new possibilities for the application in several fields.

scholarly journals Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yu ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Huangping Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

Effects of the combination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on blue mold of apples caused by Penicillium expansum

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandour H. Abdelhai ◽  
Haroon Elrasheid Tahir ◽  
Qiru Zhang ◽  
Qiya Yang ◽  
Joseph Ahima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

scholarly journals Carbon-assimilation Pattern and Fruit-Degrading Enzymes in an Apple Blue Mold, Penicillium expansum

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (Suppl2) ◽  
pp. 252-256
Author(s):  
Soichiro Kimura ◽  
Nobuko Ohno ◽  
Harumi Fukuda ◽  
Hiroharu Takahashi ◽  
Hirofumi Shinoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

scholarly journals Occurrence and Phenotypes of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Apple in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 924-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caiazzo ◽  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Low Resistance

Penicillium expansum is the cause of blue mold in stored apple fruit. In 2010–11, 779 isolates of P. expansum were collected from decayed apple fruit from five packinghouses, tested for resistance to the postharvest fungicide pyrimethanil, and phenotyped based on the level of resistance. In 2010, 85 and 7% of the isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil in packinghouse A and B, respectively, where pyrimethanil had been used for four to five consecutive years. In 2011, pyrimethanil or fludioxonil was used in packinghouse A, and 96% of the isolates from the fruit treated with pyrimethanil were resistant but only 4% of the isolates from the fruit treated with fludioxonil were resistant to pyrimethanil, suggesting that fungicide rotation substantially reduced the frequency of pyrimethanil resistance. No pyrimethanil-resistant isolates were detected in 2010 in the three other packinghouses where the fungicide had been used recently on a small scale. However 1.8% of the isolates from one of the three packinghouses in 2011 were resistant to pyrimethanil. A significantly higher percentage of thiabendazole-resistant than thiabendazole-sensitive isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil. Of the pyrimethanil-resistant isolates, 37 to 52, 4 to 5, and 44 to 58% were phenotyped as having low, moderate, and high resistance to pyrimethanil, respectively. Fludioxonil effectively controlled pyrimethanil-resistant phenotypes on apple fruit but pyrimethanil failed to control phenotypes with moderate or high resistance to pyrimethanil and only partially controlled the low-resistance phenotype.

Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIYU ZHU ◽  
TING YU ◽  
SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽  
HAO HU ◽  
XIAODONG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Yeast ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

scholarly journals Characterization of Penicillium Isolates Associated with Blue Mold on Apple in Uruguay

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pianzzola ◽  
M. Moscatelli ◽  
S. Vero
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Its1 And Its2

Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

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