scholarly journals Neural Basis of Increased Cognitive Control of Impulsivity During the Mid-Luteal Phase Relative to the Late Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Ying Zhuang ◽  
Jia-Xi Wang ◽  
Qin Lei ◽  
Weidong Zhang ◽  
Mingxia Fan
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

scholarly journals Injury Incidence Across the Menstrual Cycle in International Footballers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Martin ◽  
Kate Timmins ◽  
Charlotte Cowie ◽  
Jon Alty ◽  
Ritan Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Tendon Injuries ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Objectives: This study aimed to assess how menstrual cycle phase and extended menstrual cycle length influence the incidence of injuries in international footballers.Methods: Over a 4-year period, injuries from England international footballers at training camps or matches were recorded, alongside self-reported information on menstrual cycle characteristics at the point of injury. Injuries in eumenorrheic players were categorized into early follicular, late follicular, or luteal phase. Frequencies were also compared between injuries recorded during the typical cycle and those that occurred after the cycle would be expected to have finished. Injury incidence rates (per 1,000 person days) and injury incidence rate ratios were calculated for each phase for all injuries and injuries stratified by type.Results: One hundred fifty-six injuries from 113 players were eligible for analysis. Injury incidence rates per 1,000 person-days were 31.9 in the follicular, 46.8 in the late follicular, and 35.4 in the luteal phase, resulting in injury incidence rate ratios of 1.47 (Late follicular:Follicular), 1.11 (Luteal:Follicular), and 0.76 (Luteal:Late follicular). Injury incident rate ratios showed that muscle and tendon injury rates were 88% greater in the late follicular phase compared to the follicular phase, with muscle rupture/tear/strain/cramps and tendon injuries/ruptures occurring over twice as often during the late follicular phase compared to other phases 20% of injuries were reported as occurring when athletes were “overdue” menses.Conclusion: Muscle and tendon injuries occurred almost twice as often in the late follicular phase compared to the early follicular or luteal phase. Injury risk may be elevated in typically eumenorrheic women in the days after their next menstruation was expected to start.

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

PITUITARY AND OVARIAN HORMONAL RESPONSE TO 48 h GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORRMONE (GnRH) INFUSIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferin ◽  
J. Bogumil ◽  
J. Drewes ◽  
I. Dyrenfurth ◽  
R. Jewelewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT The effects of prolonged gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) infusions on LH, FSH, oestrogens and progesterone secretion were studied in female rhesus monkeys at various times of the menstrual cycle and after castration. GnRH was infused at the rate of 15 μg/h for 48 h. This resulted in mean peripheral GnRH levels of 398 ± 31.5 pg/ml (± se) as measured by radioimmunoassay. As expected the pattern of gonadotrophin responses to GnRH varied considerably with the phase of the menstrual cycle. The largest LH increase was seen during the late follicular phase (6-fold over baseline), with a 3-fold increase during the luteal phase and a 2-fold one during the early follicular phase and in the period following the LH surge. Significant FSH increases (4-fold) were seen only during the follicular phase. Oestrogens increased about 2-fold within 4 h of the start of the infusion during the early follicular phase. In the late follicular phase and during the LH surge, they declined within 24 and 1 h, respectively. Large progesterone increases were seen only during the luteal phase. Of special interest is the fact that the increase in gonadotrophin secretion could not be maintained for the entire duration of the experiment even though GnRH continued to be infused at rates sufficient to elicit initial increases of several fold over baseline. Gonadotrophin release declined 4–28 h after the initial stimulation. A further decrease below pre-infusion control levels was particularly evident during the midcycle surge and, for FSH, after ovariectomy. These results indicate that a continuous mode of administration may rapidly induce a desensitization phenomenon at the level of the gonadotroph.

scholarly journals Prostate-specific antigen in serum during the menstrual cycle

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1862-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosratollah Zarghami ◽  
Linda Grass ◽  
Edward R Sauter ◽  
Eleftherios P Diamandis
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Breast Carcinoma Cell Line ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Abstract We previously found that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in the female breast is regulated by steroid hormones and their receptors. We have now examined whether the PSA concentration in serum changes during the menstrual cycle of healthy women. Among 14 women studied, 3 had serum PSA ≥4 ng/L; their changes in PSA content during the menstrual cycle were studied in 7 informative cycles. We found that PSA concentrations in serum are highest during the mid- to late follicular phase, drop continuously with a half-life of 3–5 days between the late follicular phase and midcycle, and reach a minimum during the mid- to late luteal phase. PSA changes do not correlate with changes in lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), or estradiol concentrations. However, PSA peaks seem to follow the progesterone concentration peaks, with a delay of 10–12 days. Sera of some volunteers were tested for their ability to upregulate PSA protein and PSA mRNA in a tissue culture system based on the T-47D breast carcinoma cell line. Only sera obtained during the mid- to late luteal phase were able to upregulate the PSA mRNA and protein. In stimulation experiments in vitro, progesterone, but not LH, FSH, estradiol, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, or growth hormone, was able to upregulate PSA mRNA and protein in the T-47D cell line. These data suggest that PSA is produced in a cyclical manner during the menstrual cycle.

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehnaz Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Granulose Cells ◽  
Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle.   Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7209
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Willett ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
W. M. HUNTER ◽  
A. S. McNEILLY ◽  
R. S. SAWERS
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Manhem ◽  
Christina Jern ◽  
Martin Pilhall ◽  
Guy Shanks ◽  
Sverker Jern
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

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