CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
W. M. HUNTER ◽  
A. S. McNEILLY ◽  
R. S. SAWERS
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

CONCENTRATION OF OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS IN HUMAN OVARIAN VENOUS PLASMA AND FOLLICULAR FLUID THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
D. T. BAIRD ◽  
A. BOLTON ◽  
P. CHAMBERS ◽  
C. S. CORKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Vein ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Late Follicular Phase ◽  
Venous Plasma

SUMMARY The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17β were measured in peripheral and ovarian venous blood and follicular fluid of women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The concentration of oestradiol was similar in small follicles (diameter < 8 mm) at all stages of the menstrual cycle and in large follicles (diameter ⩾ 8 mm) except during the mid- and late follicular phase when the concentration reached a peak (∼ 1500 ng/ml). The concentration of androstenedione was lowest in large preovulatory follicles at mid-cycle at a time when the secretion into the ovarian vein was markedly increased. The concentration of testosterone in large follicles (⩾ 8 mm) was unchanged during the follicular phase whereas in small follicles there was a peak at mid-cycle. The rise in the concentration of testosterone and androstenedione at mid-cycle in peripheral plasma may be due to increased secretion by the preovulatory follicle into the ovarian vein. It is suggested that the relatively low concentration of androstenedione in follicular fluid of the preovulatory follicle arises from increased aromatization by granulosa cells in the course of oestrogen synthesis.

PROGESTERONE-INDUCED AUGMENTATION OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHIN RESPONSES TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE IN OESTROGEN-PRE-TREATED AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1976 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Johan Nillius ◽  
Leif Wide
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Reserve Capacity ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Modulating effects of oestradiol-17β and progesterone on the pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) were investigated in 12 women with functional amenorrhoea. The pituitary reserve capacity for gonadotrophin section was investigated with repeated intravenous LRH tests before and after administration of oestradiol-1β followed by either progesterone or saline. Intramuscular injection of 1 mg of oestradiol-17β benzoate resulted in a suppression of both the basal gonadotrophin levels in serum and the gonadotrophin responses to LRH 24 h later. Progesterone, 25 mg im, was then administered in eleven experiments. Six h later, when the mean serum progesterone level had increased to levels similar to those seen in the early post-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, there was a marked augmentation of the pituitary capacity to release both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in response to LRH. This was not found in eight experiments where saline was given instead of progesterone after oestrogen pretreatment. These findings suggest that the greatly increased pituitary sensitivity to LRH at midcycle may be caused not only by the oestradiol increase in blood during the late follicular phase but also in part by the small pre-ovulatory rise of progesterone during the mid-cyclic LH peak. Furthermore, they add further support to the hypothesis that progesterone as well as oestradiol is involved in the induction of the LH peak at midcycle. Progesterone may be of importance to secure the release of enough LH for ovulation and normal corpus luteum formation to occur.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT Concentrations of oestrogens*, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined in daily peripheral plasma samples during one normal menstrual cycle in eight rhesus monkeys. The oestrogens were measured by a rapid radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined by competitive protein binding techniques subsequent to column separation on hydrophobic Sephadex. Oestrone and oestradiol in pooled plasma samples were determined by radioimmunoassay after column chromatography. The plasma concentration of oestrogen showed a gradual late follicular rise to a midcyclic peak followed by an abrupt fall for 1–2 days and a subsequent small rise to concentrations similar to those preceding the mid-cyclic peak. Plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml before the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens but rose significantly one day after the oestrogen peak, and reached a luteal plateau (range 3.4–11.3 ng per ml) five to six days later. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone increase paralleled the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens. The luteal phase pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone mirrored the progesterone pattern, but the concentration was somewhat lower than for progesterone. All three steroid hormones measured decreased prior to the onset of the menstrual bleeding. Oestradiol (2.4–6.9 ng per 100 ml) dominated over oestrone (1–3.2 ng per 100 ml) in the follicular phase while the reverse was true during the luteal phase. The ratio of E2:E1 was 2:1 or higher in the follicular phase, but during the late luteal phase the ratio was reversed. The patterns of the three steroid hormones observed during the menstrual cycle were qualitatively similar to those reported in women, but quantitatively the oestrogen and progesterone levels were lower, while the levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were higher in the rhesus monkey.

scholarly journals Effects of estradiol on measurements of conduit artery endothelial function after ischemia and reperfusion in premenopausal women

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1304-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Clare Luca ◽  
Andrew Liuni ◽  
Paula Harvey ◽  
Susanna Mak ◽  
John D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
First Time ◽  
Late Follicular Phase ◽  
Estradiol Levels

In premenopausal women, ovarian steroids are felt to play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess whether menstrual cycle variations in estrogen can modify the response to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in humans. In an investigator-blinded crossover study, 10 healthy premenopausal women with regular menstrual cycles were studied. They had flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) measured by ultrasound in the radial artery before and after IR (15 min of brachial artery ischemia, 15 min of reperfusion) during both the early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The order of these visits was not randomized. IR significantly blunted FMD in the early follicular phase (pre-IR: 7.1% ± 1.0%; post-IR: 3.6% ± 1.0%, P = 0.01) when estradiol levels were low (148.4 ± 19.8 pmol/L). Conversely, FMD was preserved after IR during the late follicular phase (pre-IR: 7.2% ± 0.9%; post-IR: 7.0% ± 0.8%, P = NS, P = 0.03 compared with early follicular) when estradiol levels were high (825.7 ± 85.8 pmol/L, P < 0.001 compared with early follicular). There was a significant inverse relationship between estradiol concentration and IR-induced endothelial dysfunction (i.e., change in FMD after IR) (r = 0.59, r2 = 0.36, P < 0.01). These findings demonstrate, for the first time in humans, a clear relationship between the cyclical changes in serum concentrations of estradiol and the endothelium’s response to IR.

OVARIAN SECRETION RATES OF OESTROGENS, ANDROGENS AND PROGESTERONE IN NORMAL WOMEN AND IN WOMEN WITH PERSISTENT OVARIAN FOLLICLES

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. de Jong ◽  
D. T. Baird ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Quantitative Contribution ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Venous Plasma

ABSTRACT The concentrations of oestradiol-17β, oestrone, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and progesterone were measured in ovarian venous plasma from one or both ovaries in 4 normal women during different stages of the menstrual cycle and in 4 women with persistent ovarian follicles. In addition the steroid concentrations in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid were estimated. All steroids mentioned, with the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, were secreted by the ovaries. The concentrations of oestradiol-17β, oestrone, androstenedione and progesterone were higher in the venous plasma from the ovary containing the developing follicle or corpus luteum than in venous plasma from the contralateral ovary. There was a good correlation between ovarian secretion of the oestrogenic steroids and androstenedione. Finally, the quantitative contribution of the ovarian secretion to the blood production rates of the androgens and progesterone was calculated. The only contributions exceeding 20 % of the blood production rate were those of progesterone and androstenedione during the second half of the cycle.

scholarly journals Injury Incidence Across the Menstrual Cycle in International Footballers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Martin ◽  
Kate Timmins ◽  
Charlotte Cowie ◽  
Jon Alty ◽  
Ritan Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Tendon Injuries ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Objectives: This study aimed to assess how menstrual cycle phase and extended menstrual cycle length influence the incidence of injuries in international footballers.Methods: Over a 4-year period, injuries from England international footballers at training camps or matches were recorded, alongside self-reported information on menstrual cycle characteristics at the point of injury. Injuries in eumenorrheic players were categorized into early follicular, late follicular, or luteal phase. Frequencies were also compared between injuries recorded during the typical cycle and those that occurred after the cycle would be expected to have finished. Injury incidence rates (per 1,000 person days) and injury incidence rate ratios were calculated for each phase for all injuries and injuries stratified by type.Results: One hundred fifty-six injuries from 113 players were eligible for analysis. Injury incidence rates per 1,000 person-days were 31.9 in the follicular, 46.8 in the late follicular, and 35.4 in the luteal phase, resulting in injury incidence rate ratios of 1.47 (Late follicular:Follicular), 1.11 (Luteal:Follicular), and 0.76 (Luteal:Late follicular). Injury incident rate ratios showed that muscle and tendon injury rates were 88% greater in the late follicular phase compared to the follicular phase, with muscle rupture/tear/strain/cramps and tendon injuries/ruptures occurring over twice as often during the late follicular phase compared to other phases 20% of injuries were reported as occurring when athletes were “overdue” menses.Conclusion: Muscle and tendon injuries occurred almost twice as often in the late follicular phase compared to the early follicular or luteal phase. Injury risk may be elevated in typically eumenorrheic women in the days after their next menstruation was expected to start.

scholarly journals Both Inhibin A and B Respond to Exogenous Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the Follicular Phase of the Human Menstrual Cycle1

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 4167-4169
Author(s):  
Henry G. Burger ◽  
Nigel P. Groome ◽  
David M. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Human Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

To ascertain whether changes in the concentrations of the dimeric inhibins A and/or B (INH-A and INH-B) contributed to the previously described dose-dependent increase in immunoreactive inhibin (INH) in response to FSH during the follicular phase of the human menstrual cycle, both dimers were measured by specific two-site assays in stored serum samples from regularly cycling normal volunteers who had received saline as a control (n = 5) or FSH [100 IU (n = 6) or 200 IU (n = 5)] between days 3–5 of the menstrual cycle. Both INH-A and INH-B showed a dose-dependent increase in response to administered FSH; INH-A rose from 13.5 to 35.9 ng/L (P &lt; 0.01), and INH-B rose from 77.8 to 205 ng/L (P &lt; 0.05) at 36 h after 200 IU FSH. Highly significant correlations were observed between INH and each of the specific inhibin dimers (A: r= 0.79, P &lt; 0.001; B: r = 0.76, P &lt; 0.001), and the responses of the two dimers were also highly correlated (r = 0.59, P &lt; 0.001). The response of each inhibin was also highly correlated with the response of serum estradiol (A: r = 0.45, P &lt; 0.001; B: r = 0.40, P&lt; 0.001). When analyzed by ANOVA, the INH response of INH-B was significantly above the control value at 36 h after treatment with both 100 and 200 IU FSH, whereas the response of INH-A was significant only at 200 IU. It is concluded that the concentrations of both dimeric INH-A and INH-B are stimulated by increases in FSH within the physiological range in the follicular phase of the human menstrual cycle and that both contribute to the previously observed rise in INH.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document