scholarly journals Neurostimulation for Stroke Rehabilitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Windsor Kwan-Chun Ting ◽  
Faïza Abdou-Rahaman Fadul ◽  
Shirley Fecteau ◽  
Christian Ethier
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Neuronal Reorganization ◽  
Neurological Injuries ◽  
Activity Dependent

Neurological injuries such as strokes can lead to important loss in motor function. Thanks to neuronal plasticity, some of the lost functionality may be recovered over time. However, the recovery process is often slow and incomplete, despite the most effective conventional rehabilitation therapies. As we improve our understanding of the rules governing activity-dependent plasticity, neuromodulation interventions are being developed to harness neural plasticity to achieve faster and more complete recovery. Here, we review the principles underlying stimulation-driven plasticity as well as the most commonly used stimulation techniques and approaches. We argue that increased spatiotemporal precision is an important factor to improve the efficacy of neurostimulation and drive a more useful neuronal reorganization. Consequently, closed-loop systems and optogenetic stimulation hold theoretical promise as interventions to promote brain repair after stroke.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation Methods after Surgical Treatment of the Static Foot Deformities

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Denis Vladimirovich Ilchenko ◽  
Andrey Aslanovich Kardanov ◽  
Aleksandr Sergeevich Karandin ◽  
Andrey Vadimovich Korolev
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Manual Therapy ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Foot Deformities ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Operative Recovery

Background The issue of rehabilitation after surgical treatment of the foot deformities is not sufficiently covered in the contemporary literature. In spite of diversity of certain approaches used in the rehabilitation process, there is no consistency in their application. In addition, there is no consensus on the effectiveness of various techniques, on the quantity and quality of the procedures and the timing of their introduction in the rehabilitation process. The objective of this article is to analyze the effectiveness of the techniques used in the rehabilitation of patients after surgical treatment of the foot deformities. Methods The article describes methods that are, in our opinion, the most effective and well-established in the post-operative recovery of patients. The  principles of complex usage of conservative treatment methods, including lymph drainage massage, manual therapy and therapeutic physical training, are covered. Results The introduction of the protocols we have developed in the rehabilitation of patients after surgical treatment of the foot deformities helped to organize the recovery process, to clarify the timing of rehabilitation measures, to improve the final result of treatment. Conclusions The use of pathogenetically justified methods of rehabilitation, which include massage, manual therapy and therapeutic physical training, promotes the most rapid and complete recovery of motor functions in patients after surgical treatment of the foot deformities.  

Complete Recovery of Subsurface Structures of Machining-Damaged Single Crystalline Silicon by Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation

2008 ◽  
Vol 389-390 ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Wang Yan ◽  
Tooru Asami ◽  
Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa
Keyword(s):  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Amorphous Layer ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Silicon Wafers ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron

Ultraprecision diamond-cut silicon wafers were irradiated by a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser, and the resulting specimens were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that at specific laser energy density levels, machining-induced amorphous layers and dislocated layers were both reconstructed to a complete single-crystal structure identical to the bulk region. Similar effects were confirmed for diamond-ground silicon wafers. Effects of overlapping irradiation were investigated and perfect crystallographic uniformity was achieved in the boundary region. The recovery process involved rapid melting of the near-surface amorphous layer, followed by epitaxial regrowth from the damage-free crystalline bulk.

Neural Plasticity as a Basis for Stroke Rehabilitation

2012 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Michael Nilsson ◽  
Milos Pekny ◽  
Marcela Pekna
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation

Recovery from effects of brief monocular deprivation in the kitten

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Malach ◽  
R. Ebert ◽  
R. C. Van Sluyters
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Cortical Input ◽  
Binocular Function ◽  
Normal Binocular Vision

The potential for recovery from the cortical effects of monocular deprivation (MD) was studied in kittens that were briefly deprived and then exposed to various periods of normal binocular vision. In eight kittens, recordings from the hemisphere ipsilateral to the deprived eye revealed that at 4 wk of age, exposure to 12 h of MD (six 2-h sessions spread over 2 days) was sufficient to cause a massive shift in the ocular dominance of striate cortex neurons in favor of the nondeprived eye. Six of these MD kittens were allowed 3 wk of normal binocular vision and then recorded from a second time to assess the extent to which their cortex could recover from the effects of this brief period of deprivation. Data from these animals indicated that now approximately equal numbers of cortical neurons were dominated by each eye and that, while the overall level of binocularity was somewhat lower than that found in normally reared animals, the majority of cells had regained functional binocular connections. The possibility that cortical binocularity could recover even further was explored by allowing four of these six MD kittens to experience an additional 4 wk of binocular vision and then recording from them a third time. These final recordings indicated that following a total of 7 wk of binocular vision, the level of cortical binocularity was no different from that found in normally reared animals. Having demonstrated that normal binocular function can be restored to a cortex in which it had been severely disrupted, we next attempted to characterize the earliest stages of this recovery process by examining the pattern of cortical binocularity in 10 MD kittens that were allowed to experience either 6 or 12 h of binocular vision (given over 1 or 2 days, respectively). Our results indicate that, during the initial day of binocular vision, recovery seems to involve a noncompetitive expansion of functional cortical input from the deprived eye, which joins with input from the nondeprived eye in driving cortical neurons. The level of cortical binocularity continues to increase during the next day of binocular vision, but now there is also a small increase in the proportion of cells driven exclusively by the initially deprived eye--suggesting that there may be an additional competitive component to the early stages of recovery. The results of this study complement our previous report of complete recovery of binocularity following exposure to a brief period of optically induced strabismus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Activity and Neuromodulatory Input Contribute to the Recovery of Rhythmic Output After Decentralization in a Central Pattern Generator

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Zhang ◽  
Olga Khorkova ◽  
Rosa Rodriguez ◽  
Jorge Golowaschi
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Ionic Balance ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Cancer Borealis ◽  
Activity Recovery ◽  
Activity Dependent

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are neuronal networks that control vitally important rhythmic behaviors including breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Understanding how CPGs recover activity after their rhythmic activity is disrupted has important theoretical and practical implications. Previous experimental and modeling studies indicated that rhythm recovery after central neuromodulatory input loss (decentralization) could be based entirely on activity-dependent mechanisms, but recent evidence of long-term conductance regulation by neuromodulators suggest that neuromodulator-dependent mechanisms may also be involved. Here we examined the effects of altering activity and the neuromodulatory environment before decentralization of the pyloric CPG in Cancer borealis on the initial phase of rhythmic activity recovery after decentralization. We found that pretreatments altering the network activity through shifting the ionic balance or the membrane potential of pyloric pacemaker neurons reduced the delay of recovery initiation after decentralization, consistent with the recovery process being triggered already during the pretreatment period through an activity-dependent mechanism. However, we observed that pretreatment with neuromodulators GABA and proctolin, acting via metabotropic receptors, also affected the initial phase of the recovery of pyloric activity after decentralization. Their distinct effects appear to result from interactions of their metabotropic effects with their effects on neuronal activity. Thus we show that the initial phase of the recovery process can be accounted for by the existence of distinct activity-and neuromodulator-dependent pathways. We propose a computational model that includes activity- and neuromodulator-dependent mechanisms of the activity recovery process, which successfully explains the experimental observations and predicts the results of key biological experiments.

scholarly journals User Specific Efficiency Parameters for Brain Computer Interface (BCI) based Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-528
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Gaming ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Rehabilitation after stroke through conventional manner is not quite successful due to a number of patient related issues including lack of interest in lengthy exercises, cost of therapy and dependency on healthcare professionals. In addition, around 50% of stroke survivors worldwide belong to the low and middle income countries that are unable to afford expensive rehabilitation systems. Advancements in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology enabling the researchers to design and develop BCI based strokerehabilitation systems by exploiting neural plasticity. This is achieved via Electroencephalogram (EEG) based computer gaming rehabilitation exercises through Motor Imagery (MI) to achieve successful neural plasticity. However, current research is largelybased on expensive bio-signal amplifiers and processing hardware that are beyond the affordability of a large population of stroke patients living in low and middle-income countries. Moreover, the efficiency of BCI based stroke rehabilitation systems thatare generally considered as the accuracy of EEG signal classifications is not the only parameter to rate the efficiency.Since the requirements of BCI based rehabilitation therapy are highly subject specific, efficiency of such systems also depends on many user specific features related to cost and performance.This paper describes a research that proposes a number of parameters for cost and efficiency along with their weightage set by the domestic users to determine the overall efficiency of the system.Inputs from different groups of users were obtained that are classified as deserving class, middle class and rich class. Results indicated that the users of different groups are giving different weights to different performance and cost parameters. The overall efficiency requirements are therefore having different meanings for different classes of users

scholarly journals Bimanual Movements and Chronic Stroke Rehabilitation: Looking Back and Looking Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10858
Author(s):  
James H. Cauraugh ◽  
Nyeonju Kang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Upper Extremities ◽  
Bimanual Movement ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Motor Actions

Executing voluntary motor actions in the upper extremities after a stroke is frequently challenging and frustrating. Although spontaneous motor recovery can occur, reorganizing the activation of the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area takes a considerable amount of time involving effective rehabilitation interventions. Based on motor control theory and experience-dependent neural plasticity, stroke protocols centered on bimanual movement coordination are generating considerable evidence in overcoming dysfunctional movements. Looking backward and forward in this comprehensive review, we discuss noteworthy upper extremity improvements reported in bimanual movement coordination studies including force generation. Importantly, the effectiveness of chronic stroke rehabilitation approaches that involve voluntary interlimb coordination principles look promising.

scholarly journals Parallel Paradoxes and Useful Uselessness

SAGE Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401667968
Author(s):  
Paul Draus ◽  
Juliette Roddy ◽  
Kanzoni Asabigi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
Ethnographic Interview ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Mindfulness Practices ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Dialogic Space

This article explores potentially productive parallels between ethnographic interviewing, mindfulness-based practices, and recovery processes. First, we consider ethnographic interviews as dialogic and affective encounters that reflect and complement the recovery process, paradoxically enhancing agency by illuminating one’s lack of control. For individuals in recovery from substance abuse and associated trauma, the ethnographic interview may provide an opportunity to examine past events and gain insight into factors that contributed to risky situations and behaviors. We propose that the dialogic space created by the ethnographic interview resembles the moment-to-moment awareness cultivated by mindfulness practices and may have individual-level benefits for similar reasons. We briefly explore the relevance of recent research on epigenetic and neural plasticity. Finally, the potential for greater awareness of these mindfulness mechanisms to enhance ethnographic interviews is discussed.

scholarly journals Targeted, activity-dependent spinal stimulation produces long-lasting motor recovery in chronic cervical spinal cord injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (39) ◽  
pp. 12193-12198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. McPherson ◽  
Robert R. Miller ◽  
Steve I. Perlmutter
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Activity Dependent

Use-dependent movement therapies can lead to partial recovery of motor function after neurological injury. We attempted to improve recovery by developing a neuroprosthetic intervention that enhances movement therapy by directing spike timing-dependent plasticity in spared motor pathways. Using a recurrent neural–computer interface in rats with a cervical contusion of the spinal cord, we synchronized intraspinal microstimulation below the injury with the arrival of functionally related volitional motor commands signaled by muscle activity in the impaired forelimb. Stimulation was delivered during physical retraining of a forelimb behavior and throughout the day for 3 mo. Rats receiving this targeted, activity-dependent spinal stimulation (TADSS) exhibited markedly enhanced recovery compared with animals receiving targeted but open-loop spinal stimulation and rats receiving physical retraining alone. On a forelimb reach and grasp task, TADSS animals recovered 63% of their preinjury ability, more than two times the performance level achieved by the other therapy groups. Therapeutic gains were maintained for 3 additional wk without stimulation. The results suggest that activity-dependent spinal stimulation can induce neural plasticity that improves behavioral recovery after spinal cord injury.

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