scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in the Expression of Most Relevant Mediators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Berni Canani ◽  
Marika Comegna ◽  
Lorella Paparo ◽  
Gustavo Cernera ◽  
Cristina Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Nasal Epithelium ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

Background: Clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection seem to differ in children compared to that in adults. It has been hypothesized that the lower clinical severity in children could be influenced by differential expression of the main host functional receptor to SARS-CoV-2, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but data are still conflicting. To explore the origin of age-dependent clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we comparatively evaluated the expression in children and adult subjects of the most relevant mediators of the SARS-CoV-2 infection: ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS2), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1), at upper respiratory tract and small intestine level.Methods: The expression of ACE2, ACE1, TMPRSS2, and NRP1 in nasal epithelium and in small intestine epithelium was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis.Results: We found no differences in ACE2, ACE1, and TMPRSS2 expression in the nasal epithelium comparing children and adult subjects. In contrast, nasal epithelium NRP1 expression was lower in children compared to that in adults. Intestinal ACE2 expression was higher in children compared to that in adults, whereas intestinal ACE1 expression was higher in adults. Intestinal TMPRSS2 and NRP1 expression was similar comparing children and adult subjects.Conclusions: The lower severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection observed in children may be due to a different expression of nasal NRP1, that promotes the virus interaction with ACE2. However, the common findings of intestinal symptoms in children could be due to a higher expression of ACE2 at this level. The insights from these data will be useful in determining the treatment policies and preventive measures for COVID-19.

Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in healthy and sarcoidotic children: comparison with the reference interval for adults

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Bénéteau-Burnat ◽  
B Baudin ◽  
G Morgant ◽  
F C Baumann ◽  
J Giboudeau
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ace Activity ◽  
Physiological Variations

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was measured in serum of 187 healthy children between the ages six months and 18 years. Results were pooled for five-year age intervals and compared with the reference values for adults that we previously determined [Clin Chem 1986;32:884-6). Results for each age group were also studied as a function of sex. Children had higher ACE activities in serum than did adults (P less than 0.001), but these activities were age-related only from age four to 18 years. Adolescents showed sex-related differences, with higher serum ACE activities in boys than in girls (P less than 0.05). Both sex- and age-related differences may be related to a steroid hormonal regulation of ACE biosynthesis. We also verified that children with sarcoidosis (n = 20) had significantly increased serum ACE activity. Such physiological variations in serum ACE activity must be taken into account for diagnosing sarcoidosis in children, for following the course of the disease, and for evaluating the accuracy of therapy.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 deficiency accelerates and angiotensin 1-7 restores age-related muscle weakness in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikari Takeshita ◽  
Koichi Yamamoto ◽  
Satoko Nozato ◽  
Masao Takeda ◽  
So-ichiro Fukada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals COVID-19 and features of cardiovascular involvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099
Author(s):  
Elena V. Tsyganova ◽  
Nataliia V. Glukhoedova ◽  
Aleksandra S. Zhilenkova ◽  
Tatiana I. Fedoseeva ◽  
Elena N. Iushchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Cardiovascular Involvement ◽  
Echocardiographic Examination ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

The article provides an overview of current information on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and organ-specific lesions developing in this disease. The data on inflammation and its biochemical markers, on the features of coagulopathy, endothelial damage and microthrombosis are presented in detail. Particular attention is paid to the role of receptors for angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 and transmembrane serine protease type 2 in the development of organ-specific lesions in COVID-19. The pathogenesis of damage to the cardiovascular system is considered in detail with the presentation of data from foreign literature on changes in the myocardium and the author's results of transthoracic echocardiographic examination in patients who have undergone COVID-19.

scholarly journals Phenolic compounds disrupt spike-mediated receptor-binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-virions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253489
Author(s):  
Anna Goc ◽  
Waldemar Sumera ◽  
Matthias Rath ◽  
Aleksandra Niedzwiecki
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Cellular Entry ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

In the pursuit of suitable and effective solutions to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we investigated the efficacy of several phenolic compounds in controlling key cellular mechanisms involved in its infectivity. The way the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the cell is a complex process and comprises four main stages: attachment to the cognate receptor, cellular entry, replication and cellular egress. Since, this is a multi-part process, it creates many opportunities to develop effective interventions. Targeting binding of the virus to the host receptor in order to prevent its entry has been of particular interest. Here, we provide experimental evidence that, among 56 tested polyphenols, including plant extracts, brazilin, theaflavin-3,3’-digallate, and curcumin displayed the highest binding with the receptor-binding domain of spike protein, inhibiting viral attachment to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and thus cellular entry of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 virions. Both, theaflavin-3,3’-digallate at 25 μg/ml and curcumin above 10 μg/ml concentration, showed binding with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor reducing at the same time its activity in both cell-free and cell-based assays. Our study also demonstrates that brazilin and theaflavin-3,3’-digallate, and to a still greater extent, curcumin, decrease the activity of transmembrane serine protease 2 both in cell-free and cell-based assays. Similar pattern was observed with cathepsin L, although only theaflavin-3,3’-digallate showed a modest diminution of cathepsin L expression at protein level. Finally, each of these three compounds moderately increased endosomal/lysosomal pH. In conclusion, this study demonstrates pleiotropic anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of specific polyphenols and their prospects for further scientific and clinical investigations.

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