scholarly journals Effects of E-Cigarette Exposure on Prenatal Life and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Review of Current Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Mescolo ◽  
Giuliana Ferrante ◽  
Stefania La Grutta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Parental Perception ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Passive Exposure ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Short And Long Term

In the last decade, widespread use of E-cigarettes (EC) has occurred all over the world. Whereas, a large amount of evidence on harm to children from conventional cigarette exposure is available, data on health effects in this population throughout different vulnerability windows are still a matter of concern. Exposure to EC during pregnancy may compromise placental function, resulting in fetal structural abnormalities. Specifically, this may cause physio-pathologic changes in the developing lung, which in turn may impair respiratory health later in life. Furthermore, there is evidence that using EC can cause both short- and long-term respiratory problems in the pediatric population and there is great concern for future young people with nicotine addiction. The low parental perception of the risks connected to EC exposure for children increases their susceptibility to harmful effects from passive vaping. This minireview aims to summarize the current evidence focusing on: (i) prenatal effects of EC passive exposure; (ii) post-natal respiratory effects of EC exposure in youth; (iii) parental attitudes toward EC use and perception of children's health risks connected to EC exposure; and (iv) addressing gaps in our current evidence.

Glucocorticosteroids effects on brain development in the preterm infants: a role for microglia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zinni Manuela ◽  
Pansiot Julien ◽  
Elodie Billion ◽  
Baud Olivier ◽  
Mairesse Jérôme
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Impairment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Abnormal Brain

: Prematurity, observed in 15 million births worldwide each year, is a clinical condition that is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in short and long term. Preterm infants are at high risk for developing respiratory problems, sepsis, and other morbidities leading to neurodevelopmental impairment and neurobehavioral disorders. Perinatal glucocorticosteroids have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of adverse outcomes linked to prematurity. However, despite their shortterm benefits due to their maturational properties, some clinical trials have shown an association between steroids exposure and abnormal brain development in infants born preterm. Neuroinflammation has emerged as a preeminent factor for brain injury in preterm infants, and the major role of microglia, the brain resident immune cells, has been recently highlighted. Considering the role of microglia in the modulation of brain development, the aim of this review is to summarize the effects of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticosteroids on brain development and discuss the possible role of microglia as a mediator of these effects.

Circadian Rhythms and Homeostatic Mechanisms for Sleep Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Cassie J. Hilditch ◽  
Erin E. Flynn-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

This chapter examines circadian rhythms and homeostatic mechanisms for sleep regulation. It reviews the current evidence describing the two-process model of sleep regulation and how to assess disruption to either of these sleep drives. This chapter also reviews the role of the photic and non-photic resetting of the circadian rhythm and describes how some aspects of modern society can cause sleep and circadian disruption. Further, this chapter describes how misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis, such as occurs during jet lag and shift-work, can lead to sleep disruption. The short- and long-term consequences of circadian misalignment are also reviewed.

Short- and long-term variability of echocardiographic stress-velocity indexes of cardiac function in a pediatric population

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G.S. Sandor ◽  
Steven A. Webber ◽  
Ruby O. Popov ◽  
Eustace DeSouza ◽  
Beverly Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals ENDOCRINE TUMOURS: Imaging in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: current evidence and future perspectives for a risk-adapted approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. R185-R202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Lamartina ◽  
Désirée Deandreis ◽  
Cosimo Durante ◽  
Sebastiano Filetti
Keyword(s):  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Probable Outcome ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancers ◽  
Shed Light

The clinical and epidemiological profiles of differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) have changed in the last three decades. Today’s DTCs are more likely to be small, localized, asymptomatic papillary forms. Current practice is, though, moving toward more conservative approaches (e.g. lobectomy instead of total thyroidectomy, selective use of radioiodine). This evolution has been paralleled and partly driven by rapid technological advances in the field of diagnostic imaging. The challenge of contemporary DTCs follow-up is to tailor a risk-of-recurrence-based management, taking into account the dynamic nature of these risks, which evolve over time, spontaneously and in response to treatments. This review provides a closer look at the evolving evidence-based views on the use and utility of imaging technology in the post-treatment staging and the short- and long-term surveillance of patients with DTCs. The studies considered range from cervical US with Doppler flow analysis to an expanding palette of increasingly sophisticated second-line studies (cross-sectional, functional, combined-modality approaches), which can be used to detect disease that has spread beyond the neck and, in some cases, shed light on its probable outcome.

scholarly journals Aspiration and Swallowing Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Kane Miller
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Swallowing Dysfunction ◽  
Structural Abnormalities

Early identification and management of aspiration associated with oral intake will help contribute to the best possible outcome for infants and children who have airway protection issues with swallowing. Though the incidence and prevalence of aspiration specifically related to swallowing dysfunction across medical conditions in the pediatric population is unknown, there is accumulating evidence of swallowing-related aspiration in infants and children with diagnoses that include structural abnormalities of the upper airway, central nervous system abnormalities, and progressive neurological disease. Chronic aspiration is associated with compromised respiratory health, progressive lung disease, bronchiectasis, and respiratory failure; thus, early detection and appropriate management is crucial. Determining the etiology and effect of aspiration is complex, and multiple evaluations are often required. This article will focus on instrumental studies of swallowing physiology used in the diagnosis and management of swallowing dysfunction and aspiration. Therapeutic strategies to improve airway protection during swallowing will also be described.

scholarly journals Current Status of Distal Embolization in Femoropopliteal Endovascular Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Cannavale ◽  
Mariangela Santoni ◽  
Marianna Gazzetti ◽  
Carlo Catalano ◽  
Fabrizio Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Major Amputation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Distal Embolization ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Short And Long Term

The application of advanced endovascular techniques in very complex femoropopliteal atherosclerotic lesions has shown to expose patients to a higher risk of distal embolization (DE). This complication can affect both the short- and long-term outcomes, leading to worsening ischemia, early minor/major amputation, and longer hospital stay. Recently, there has been an increasing body of evidence on pathophysiology and clinical–radiological management of DE that however has not been systematically addressed by guidelines. The aim of this review was to analyze the current evidence outlining definition and classification, risk assessment, prevention, and management strategies of DE in femoropopliteal endovascular interventions.

Psychiatry and Paedophilia: A Major Public Health Issue

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Normal Men

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a brief review of current perspectives on paedophilia as well as some suggestions regarding the place of psychiatry in dealing with the problem. Method: A literature survey was conducted. Results: Child sexual abuse has unfortunately been ignored and minimised by psychiatry until recently. The current evidence strongly indicates that it is a common event which is highly likely to cause both short-and long-term harm to its victims. The perpetrators generally are psychiatrically otherwise “normal” men who are skilled at both planning their offending behaviours and denying their existence. Conclusions: Psychiatrists have an important role to play in assessment and treatment of both offenders and victims, although they may have to learn new clinical skills. Their preventative role is also important, particularly in the field of public education.

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