scholarly journals Regional Expression of npy mRNA Paralogs in the Brain of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) and Response to Fasting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvill Tolås ◽  
Tharmini Kalananthan ◽  
Ana S. Gomes ◽  
Floriana Lai ◽  
Sissel Norland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Homolog ◽  
Mature Peptide ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known as a potent orexigenic signal in vertebrates, but its role in Atlantic salmon has not yet been fully established. In this study, we identified three npy paralogs, named npya1, npya2, and npyb, in the Atlantic salmon genome. In silico analysis revealed that these genes are well conserved across the vertebrate’s lineage and the mature peptide sequences shared at least 77% of identity with the human homolog. We analyzed mRNA expression of npy paralogs in eight brain regions of Atlantic salmon post-smolt, and the effect of 4 days of fasting on the npy expression level. Results show that npya1 was the most abundant paralog, and was predominantly expressed in the telencephalon, followed by the midbrain and olfactory bulb. npya2 mRNA was highly abundant in hypothalamus and midbrain, while npyb was found to be highest expressed in the telencephalon, with low mRNA expression levels detected in all the other brain regions. 4 days of fasting resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of npya1 mRNA expression in the olfactory bulb, increased npya2 mRNA expression in the midbrain and decreased npyb mRNA expression in the pituitary. In the hypothalamus, the vertebrate appetite center, expression of the npy paralogs was not significantly affected by feeding status. However, we observed a trend of increased npya2 mRNA expression (p = 0.099) following 4 days of fasting. Altogether, our findings provide a solid basis for further research on appetite and energy metabolism in Atlantic salmon.

scholarly journals Correlations Among mRNA Expression Levels of ATP7A, Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels, and Neuronal Metabolism in Unmedicated Major Depressive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 642-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanjun Liu ◽  
Shuming Zhong ◽  
Lan Yan ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Neuronal Metabolism ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Abstract Background Previous studies have found that elevated copper levels induce oxidation, which correlates with the occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism of abnormal cerebral metabolism of MDD patients remains ambiguous. The main function of the enzyme ATPase copper-transporting alpha (ATP7A) is to transport copper across the membrane to retain copper homeostasis, which is closely associated with the onset of mental disorders and cognitive impairment. However, less is known regarding the association of ATP7A expression in MDD patients. Methods A total of 31 MDD patients and 21 healthy controls were recruited in the present study. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess the concentration levels of N-acetylaspartate, choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) in brain regions of interest, including prefrontal white matter (PWM), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, lentiform nucleus, and cerebellum. The mRNA expression levels of ATP7A were measured using polymerase chain reaction (SYBR Green method). The correlations between mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and/or ceruloplasmin levels and neuronal biochemical metabolite ratio in the brain regions of interest were evaluated. Results The decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increase in ceruloplasmin levels exhibited a significant correlation in MDD patients. In addition, negative correlations were noted between the decline in mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increased Cho/Cr ratios of the left PWM, right PWM, and right ACC in MDD patients. A positive correlation between elevated ceruloplasmin levels and increased Cho/Cr ratio of the left PWM was noted in MDD patients. Conclusions The findings suggested that the decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the elevated ceruloplasmin levels induced oxidation that led to the disturbance of neuronal metabolism in the brain, which played important roles in the pathophysiology of MDD. The decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the elevated ceruloplasmin levels affected neuronal membrane metabolic impairment in the left PWM, right PWM, and right ACC of MDD patients.

scholarly journals Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Martha Legorreta-Herrera ◽  
Karen E. Nava-Castro ◽  
Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola ◽  
Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes ◽  
Jesús Aguilar-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels ◽  
Differential Mrna Expression

Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria.

Somatolactin mRNA expression during the parr-smolt transformation in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. O’Keeffe ◽  
S. Hubert ◽  
M. Voisin ◽  
B. Houeix ◽  
D. Cotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Multiple changes in the brain of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during photoperiodically-induced parr-smolt transformation

Aquaculture ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 121 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 289-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Morin ◽  
J.Geoffrey Eales ◽  
Toshiaki J Hara ◽  
Svante Winberg ◽  
Göran E Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The Brain

Development, survival, and structural alterations of embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., continuously exposed to alkaline levels of pH, from fertilization

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Daye ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Zona Radiata ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Branchial Epithelium ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Degree Of Severity

Embryos of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were incubated continuously from fertilization at pH 6.8 (control) and pH 9.0 and 9.5, initially at 6.7 °C but with a gradual decline in the first 5 weeks to 5.0 °C for the remaining 10 weeks of exposure. Subsequently, the alevins were maintained in these environments for 50 days after hatching. Developmental processes and hatching were not affected by these levels of pH. Percentage cumulative mortality of treated embryos, 8%, was approximately that in the controls. Alevin mortality in the control lots was 1.2 and 1.3%. At pH 9.0, cumulative mortality was 0.4%, but at pH 9.5 there was an accelerating increase to 18%, at the termination of observation.Sublethal changes in embryos were confined mostly to cell necrosis and sloughed rudimentary epidermis. Some metaplasia of the brain stem occurred at pH 9.5. Sites and intensity of alterations increased in alevins at pH 9.5, following the loss of the zona radiata. In addition to ongoing injury of epidermis, including mucous cells, deleterious alterations occurred in branchial epithelium, erythrocytes, myocardium, blood vessels of the viscera, liver, brain, and optic lenses. In general, sublethal changes caused by hydroxylions are similar to those caused by excessive hydrogen ions but are somewhat less extensive in the structures affected or in their degree of severity.

Genetically distinct sympatric populations of resident and anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Verspoor ◽  
L. J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
River System ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Little Gull Lake on the Gander River system of central Newfoundland were found to be electrophoretically polymorphic at 5 of 20 protein loci screened. Four of the polymorphic loci were structural and one was regulatory. Major heterozygote deficiencies relative to Castle–Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected at the two most polymorphic loci, Aat-3 and Mdh-3,4, and significant nonrandom associations between genotypes at these loci and the other polymorphic loci, Sdh-1, Me-2, and Pgm1-t, were also found. The heterozygote deficiencies and the nonrandom genotype associations were attributable to the admixture of genetically distinct gene pools of resident and anadromous salmon in the lake. This is the first documented case of coexistence of reproductively separated populations of Atlantic salmon of the two life history types, and shows that the sympatric occurrence of the two forms can represent between-population variation.

scholarly journals Salinity and photoperiod modulate pubertal development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2013 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle C Melo ◽  
Eva Andersson ◽  
Per Gunnar Fjelldal ◽  
Jan Bogerd ◽  
Luiz R França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Timing Of Puberty ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spermatogonial Proliferation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The Atlantic salmon shows substantial life cycle plasticity, which also applies to the timing of puberty. While it is characterized by the activation of the brain–pituitary–gonad axis, many morphophysiological aspects of puberty and the influence of environmental conditions, such as water salinity, are not well understood in fish. Here, 12-month-old Atlantic salmon coming from an out-of-season smoltification regime in December were exposed to freshwater (FW) or seawater (SW) at 16 °C to stimulate puberty under a 24-h constant light (LL) or 12 h light:12 h darkness (LD) photoperiod. These four treatment groups (FWLL, SWLL, FWLD, and SWLD) were studied from January to March. Next to 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) plasma levels, the expression of pituitary genes (gnrhr4, fshb, and lhb) and spermatogenesis was quantified. When spermatogonial proliferation started, fshb mRNA levels increased steeply and began to decrease when spermatogonial mitosis approached completion and most germ cells had reached meiotic or post-meiotic stages. Conversely, lhb mRNA levels increased progressively during spermatogenesis. Most males in all treatment groups matured, but exposure to SW resulted in the strongest stimulation of the onset of spermatogenesis and elevation of pituitary gnrhr4 and fshb mRNA levels. Later on, the LD photoperiod accelerated, irrespective of the salinity, the completion of spermatogenesis, associated with higher lhb mRNA and 11-KT plasma levels than in the LL groups. We find that both salinity and photoperiod modulated different aspects of spermatogenesis, and resulted in a differential activation of pituitary and testis functions; SW stimulating the onset and the shorter photoperiod the completion of spermatogenesis.

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