scholarly journals Sex-Associated Differential mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Its Regulation by Sex Steroids in Different Brain Regions in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA Model of Cerebral Malaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Martha Legorreta-Herrera ◽  
Karen E. Nava-Castro ◽  
Margarita I. Palacios-Arreola ◽  
Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes ◽  
Jesús Aguilar-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels ◽  
Differential Mrna Expression

Cerebral malaria (CM) is the major complication associated with death in malaria patients, and its pathogenesis is associated with excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Notably, the severity and mortality of natural infections with Plasmodium are higher in males than females, suggesting that sexual hormones influence both the pathogenesis of and immune response in CM. However, no studies on inflammation mediators in the brains of both sexes have been reported. In this work, the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 were measured in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, and lateral cortex regions of gonadectomized female and male CBA/Ca mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (a recognized experimental CM model). Our findings demonstrate that both infection with P. berghei ANKA and gonadectomy trigger a cerebral sex dimorphic mRNA expression pattern of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2. This dimorphic cytokine pattern was different in each brain region analysed. In most cases, infected males exhibited higher mRNA expression levels than females, suggesting that sexual hormones differentially regulate the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and the potential use of gonadal steroids or their derivates in the immunomodulation of cerebral malaria.

scholarly journals Correlations Among mRNA Expression Levels of ATP7A, Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels, and Neuronal Metabolism in Unmedicated Major Depressive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 642-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanjun Liu ◽  
Shuming Zhong ◽  
Lan Yan ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Neuronal Metabolism ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Abstract Background Previous studies have found that elevated copper levels induce oxidation, which correlates with the occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism of abnormal cerebral metabolism of MDD patients remains ambiguous. The main function of the enzyme ATPase copper-transporting alpha (ATP7A) is to transport copper across the membrane to retain copper homeostasis, which is closely associated with the onset of mental disorders and cognitive impairment. However, less is known regarding the association of ATP7A expression in MDD patients. Methods A total of 31 MDD patients and 21 healthy controls were recruited in the present study. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess the concentration levels of N-acetylaspartate, choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) in brain regions of interest, including prefrontal white matter (PWM), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, lentiform nucleus, and cerebellum. The mRNA expression levels of ATP7A were measured using polymerase chain reaction (SYBR Green method). The correlations between mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and/or ceruloplasmin levels and neuronal biochemical metabolite ratio in the brain regions of interest were evaluated. Results The decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increase in ceruloplasmin levels exhibited a significant correlation in MDD patients. In addition, negative correlations were noted between the decline in mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the increased Cho/Cr ratios of the left PWM, right PWM, and right ACC in MDD patients. A positive correlation between elevated ceruloplasmin levels and increased Cho/Cr ratio of the left PWM was noted in MDD patients. Conclusions The findings suggested that the decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the elevated ceruloplasmin levels induced oxidation that led to the disturbance of neuronal metabolism in the brain, which played important roles in the pathophysiology of MDD. The decline in the mRNA expression levels of ATP7A and the elevated ceruloplasmin levels affected neuronal membrane metabolic impairment in the left PWM, right PWM, and right ACC of MDD patients.

scholarly journals Metformin Ameliorates Aβ Pathology by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yi Lu ◽  
Shun Huang ◽  
Qu-Bo Chen ◽  
Dapeng Zhang ◽  
Wanyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Insulin Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug ◽  
Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is the main pathology of AD. Metformin, a well-known antidiabetic drug, has been reported to have AD-protective effect. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we tried to figure out whether metformin could activate insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) to ameliorate Aβ-induced pathology. Morris water maze and Y-maze results indicated that metformin could improve the learning and memory ability in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. 18F-FDG PET-CT result showed that metformin could ameliorate the neural dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. PCR analysis showed that metformin could effectively improve the mRNA expression level of nerve and synapse-related genes (Syp, Ngf, and Bdnf) in the brain. Metformin decreased oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) and neuroinflammation (IL-1β and IL-6) in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, metformin obviously reduced the Aβ level in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Metformin did not affect the enzyme activities and mRNA expression levels of Aβ-related secretases (ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1). Meanwhile, metformin also did not affect the mRNA expression levels of Aβ-related transporters (LRP1 and RAGE). Metformin increased the protein levels of p-AMPK and IDE in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, which might be the key mechanism of metformin on AD. In conclusion, the well-known antidiabetic drug, metformin, could be a promising drug for AD treatment.

scholarly journals Responses of neurogenesis and neuroplasticity related genes to elevated CO 2 levels in the brain of three teleost species

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 20170240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Lai ◽  
Cathrine E. Fagernes ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
Gabrielle M. Miller ◽  
Philip L. Munday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

The continuous increase of anthropogenic CO 2 in the atmosphere resulting in ocean acidification has been reported to affect brain function in some fishes. During adulthood, cell proliferation is fundamental for fish brain growth and for it to adapt in response to external stimuli, such as environmental changes. Here we report the first expression study of genes regulating neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in brains of three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), cinnamon anemonefish ( Amphiprion melanopus ) and spiny damselfish ( Acanthochromis polyacanthus ) exposed to elevated CO 2 . The mRNA expression levels of the neurogenic differentiation factor (NeuroD) and doublecortin (DCX) were upregulated in three-spined stickleback exposed to high-CO 2 compared with controls, while no changes were detected in the other species. The mRNA expression levels of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) remained unaffected in the high-CO 2 exposed groups compared to the control in all three species. These results indicate a species-specific regulation of genes involved in neurogenesis in response to elevated ambient CO 2 levels. The higher expression of NeuroD and DCX mRNA transcripts in the brain of high-CO 2 –exposed three-spined stickleback, together with the lack of effects on mRNA levels in cinnamon anemonefish and spiny damselfish, indicate differences in coping mechanisms among fish in response to the predicted-future CO 2 level.

Comparison of mRNA expression levels of selected genes in the brain stem of cattle naturally infected with classical and atypical BSE

2010 ◽  
Vol 1351 ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Larska ◽  
Miroslaw P. Polak ◽  
Jan F. Zmudzinski ◽  
Juan M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Hyunggaeyungyo-Tang on A549 Cells Infected with Human Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Seo-Young Won ◽  
In-Chan Seol ◽  
Ho-Ryong Yoo ◽  
Yoon-Sik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Background. Herbal medicine is widely recommended to treat viral infectious diseases. Over 123,000,000 individuals have been infected with the coronavirus since a worldwide pandemic was declared in March 2020. We conducted this research to confirm the potential of herbal medicine as a treatment for coronavirus. Methods. We infected the A549 cell line with betacoronavirus OC43 and then treated it with 100 μg/mL Hyunggaeyungyo-tang (HGYGT) or distilled water with a control of HGYGT. We measured the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) to confirm the effectiveness of HGYGT upon coronavirus infection. Results. We found that the effects of HYGYT decrease the expression level of pPKR, peIF2α, IFI6, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, IRF7, OASL, and ISG15 when administered to cells with coronavirus infection. The expressions of IL-1, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-κB, iNOS, and IKK mRNA were also significantly decreased in the HGYGT group than in the control group. Conclusion. Through the reduction of the amount of coronavirus RNA, our research indicates that HGYGT has antiviral effects. The reduction of IKK and iNOS mRNA levels indicate that HGYGT reduces coronavirus RNA expression and may inhibit the replication of coronavirus by acting on NF-kB/Rel pathways to protect oxidative injury. In addition, decreases in mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines indicate that the HGYGT may relieve the symptoms of coronavirus infections.

scholarly journals 17β-Estradiol Is Involved in the Sexual Dimorphism of the Immune Response to Malaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Antonio Cervantes-Candelas ◽  
Jesús Aguilar-Castro ◽  
Fidel Orlando Buendía-González ◽  
Omar Fernández-Rivera ◽  
Teresita de Jesús Nolasco-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Malaria is the leading cause of parasitic infection-related death globally. Additionally, malaria-associated mortality is higher in men than in women, and this sexual dimorphism reflects differences in innate and adaptive immune responses that are influenced by sex hormones. Normally, females develop more robust immune responses against parasites than males. However, most clinical and laboratory studies related to the immune response to malaria do not consider sex as a variable, and relatively few studies have compared the sex-dependent role of 17β-estradiol in this process. In this study, we decreased in vivo the levels of 17β-estradiol by gonadectomy or administered 17β-estradiol to intact or gonadectomized male and female CBA/Ca mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of 17β-estradiol on parasite load; the percentages of different immune cells in the spleen; the plasma levels of antibodies and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; and the mRNA expression levels of cytokine-encoding genes in the brain. The results showed that the administration of 17β-estradiol increased parasitemia and decreased body weight in intact female mice. Moreover, intact females exhibited higher levels of CD8+ T cells and lower levels of NK1.1+ cells than their male counterparts under the same condition. Gonadectomy increased IFN-γ and decreased TNF-α concentrations only in intact female mice. Additionally, IL-10 levels were higher in intact females than in their male counterparts. Finally, the mRNA expression levels of cytokines coding genes in the brain showed a dimorphic pattern, i.e., gonadectomy upregulated Tnf, Il1b, and Il10 expression in males but not in females. Our findings explain the sexual dimorphism in the immune response to malaria, at least in part, and suggest potential sex-dependent implications for the efficacy of vaccines or drugs targeting malaria.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Hyperoxic Lung Injury in Newborn Thioredoxin-1-Overexpressing Mice through the Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokine mRNA Expression

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Nobuhiko Nagano ◽  
Kosuke Tanaka ◽  
Junichi Ozawa ◽  
Takaaki Watanabe ◽  
Fuyu Miyake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Hyperoxic Lung Injury ◽  
Thioredoxin 1 ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

The role of thioredoxin-1 (TRX), a small redox-active protein with antioxidant effects, during hyperoxic lung injury in newborns remains undetermined. We investigated TRX impact on hyperoxic lung injury in newborn TRX transgenic (TRX-Tg) and wildtype (WT) mice exposed to 21% or 95% O2 for four days, after which some mice were allowed to recover in room air for up to 14 days. Lung morphology was assessed by hematoxylin/eosin and elastin staining, as well as immunostaining for macrophages. The gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. During recovery from hyperoxia, TRX-Tg mice exhibited an improved mean linear intercept length and increased number of secondary septa in lungs compared with the WT mice. Neonatal hyperoxia enhanced the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs of both TRX-Tg and WT mice. However, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 mRNA expression levels were reduced in the lungs of TRX-Tg mice compared with the WT mice during recovery from hyperoxia. Furthermore, TRX-Tg mice exhibited reduced macrophage infiltration in lungs during recovery. These results suggest that in newborn mice TRX ameliorates hyperoxic lung injury during recovery likely through the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.

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