Methyl Salicylate Level Increase in Flax after Fusarium oxysporum Infection Is Associated with Phenylpropanoid Pathway Activation

AbstractPhenylpropanoid pathway enzymes are involved in plant defence pathways leading to lignification, synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as salicylic acid and phytoalexins, wound healing and the oxidative burst. Endophytic non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolate V5w2 has been reported to show antagonistic effects against Radopholus similis in the screenhouse. An experiment was designed to study root biochemical changes (PAL, POX and PPO activities) and R. similis numbers in susceptible and tolerant bananas following inoculation with isolate V5w2. Constitutive expression of PAL and PPO were similar between the susceptible and tolerant cultivars, while constitutive POX activity was higher in the tolerant cultivar. PAL activity was suppressed in both cultivars 7 days after endophyte inoculation (7 dai), but was significantly up-regulated in the susceptible cv. Nabusa at 30 days post nematode challenge (dpnc) in endophyte-inoculated plants. In the tolerant cultivar, PAL activity was up-regulated in R. similis-challenged plants at 7 and 30 dpnc, irrespective of endophyte inoculation. POX and PPO were transiently up-regulated in cv. Nabusa 7 dai, exceeding levels observed in non-inoculated plants of the same cultivar. POX activity was up-regulated at 7 dpnc in endophyte-inoculated cv. Nabusa plants challenged with R. similis. In the tolerant cultivar, POX and PPO activities were similarly up-regulated in R. similis-challenged plants at 7 dpnc, irrespective of endophyte inoculation. The findings of this study implicate PAL, POX and PPO in banana defence against the root-burrowing nematode R. similis. Our findings further demonstrate the ability of endophytic F. oxysporum isolate V5w2 directly to induce POX and prime PAL in the susceptible cv. Nabusa for greater up-regulation following R. similis challenge.

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Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae Growth by Phenylpropanoid Pathway Intermediates

The Plant Pathology Journal ◽

10.5423/ppj.nt.08.2020.0155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 637-642

Author(s):

Timothy E. Shull ◽

Jasmina Kurepa ◽

Robert D. Miller ◽

Natalia Martinez-Ochoa ◽

Jan A. Smalle

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway

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Expression analysis of key genes of phenylpropanoid pathway and phenol profiling during Ricinus communis–Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini interaction

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 456-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pritam R. Jadhav ◽

Mahesh K. Mahatma ◽

Lalit Mahatma ◽

Sanjay Jha ◽

Vipul B. Parekh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Key Genes

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Methyl Salicylate Enhances Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Tea Leaves by Stimulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24020362 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 362 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Li-Ping Zhang ◽

Lan Zhang ◽

Peng Yan ◽

Golam Ahammed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methyl Salicylate ◽

Time Course ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Tea Leaves ◽

High Concentration ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Key Enzyme

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a secondary metabolite that regulates plant growth, development and responses to stress. However, the role of SA in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (a large class of secondary metabolites) in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) remains largely unknown. Here, we show that exogenous methyl salicylate (MeSA, the methyl ester of SA) increased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves in a dose-dependent manner. While a moderate concentration of MeSA (1 mM) resulted in the highest increase in flavonoid concentration, a high concentration of MeSA (5 mM) decreased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves. A time-course of flavonoid concentration following 1 mM MeSA application showed that flavonoid concentration peaked at 2 days after treatment and then gradually declined, reaching a concentration lower than that of control after 6 days. Consistent with the time course of flavonoid concentration, MeSA enhanced the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of flavonoids) as early as 12 h after the treatment, which peaked after 1 day and then gradually declined upto 6 days. qRT-PCR analysis of the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis revealed that exogenous MeSA upregulated the expression of genes such as CsPAL, CsC4H, Cs4CL, CsCHS, CsCHI, CsF3H, CsDFR, CsANS and CsUFGT in tea leaves. These results suggest a role for MeSA in modulating the flavonoid biosynthesis in green tea leaves, which might have potential implications in manipulating the tea quality and stress tolerance in tea plants.

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Cross-talk interactions of sucrose and Fusarium oxysporum in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the accumulation and localization of flavonoids in embryo axes of yellow lupine

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.017 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 168 (5) ◽

pp. 424-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Iwona Morkunas ◽

Dorota Narożna ◽

Witold Nowak ◽

Sławomir Samardakiewicz ◽

Dorota Remlein-Starosta

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Cross Talk ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Embryo Axes ◽

Yellow Lupine

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Phenylpropanoid Pathway Is Potentiated by Silicon in the Roots of Banana Plants During the Infection Process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-13-0203-r ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 104 (6) ◽

pp. 597-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Alessandro Antônio Fortunato ◽

Washington Luís da Silva ◽

Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Glyoxylic Acid ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Infection Process ◽

Lemon Yellow ◽

Yellow Fluorescence ◽

Yellow Orange ◽

Orange Fluorescence ◽

Race 1

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is a disease that causes large reductions in banana yield worldwide. Considering the importance of silicon (Si) to potentiate the resistance of several plant species to pathogen infection, this study aimed to investigate, at the histochemical level, whether this element could enhance the production of phenolics on the roots of banana plants in response to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection. Plants of cultivar Maçã, which is susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, were grown in plastic pots amended with 0 (−Si) or 0.39 g of Si (+Si) per kilogram of soil and inoculated with race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The root Si concentration was increased by 35.6% for +Si plants in comparison to the −Si plants, which contributed to a 27% reduction in the symptoms of Fusarium wilt on roots. There was an absence of fluorescence for the root sections of the −Si plants treated with the Neu and Wilson's reagents. By contrast, for the root sections obtained from the +Si plants treated with Neu's reagent, strong yellow-orange fluorescence was observed in the phloem, and lemon-yellow fluorescence was observed in the sclerenchyma and metaxylem vessels, indicating the presence of flavonoids. For the root sections of the +Si plants treated with Wilson's reagent, orange-yellowish autofluorescence was more pronounced around the phloem vessels, and yellow fluorescence was more pronounced around the metaxylem vessels, also indicating the presence of flavonoids. Lignin was more densely deposited in the cortex of the roots of the +Si plants than for the −Si plants. Dopamine was barely detected in the roots of the −Si plants after using the lactic and glyoxylic acid stain, but was strongly suspected to occur on the phloem and metaxylem vessels of the roots of the +Si plants as confirmed by the intense orange-yellow fluorescence. The present study provides new evidence of the pivotal role of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the resistance of banana plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection when supplied with Si.

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