STUDY OF PROTEIN AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LUPINE SEEDS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES

Исследования фракционного состава белков и жирнокислотного состава масел безалкалоидных и малоалкалоидных сортов люпина для производства кормов и продуктов питания являются актуальными в современных социально-экономических условиях, когда требуется найти альтернативу соевым продуктам. В данной работе изучались фракционный состав белков и жирнокислотный состав масла семян 11 образцов малоалкалоидных сортов люпина отечественной селекции трех видов: белого, желтого и узколистного. Самое высокое содержание сырого протеина выявлено в образцах семян желтого люпина, в семенах белого люпина содержание сырого протеина было немного ниже, а все исследованные образцы сортов узколистного люпина характеризовались самым низким содержанием сырого протеина. Суммарное количество растворимых белков в семенах люпина было высоким и изменялось от 84,21 до 92,45 %. Во всех исследованных образцах сортов белого люпина преобладала альбуминовая фракция, в семенах сортов узколистного и желтого люпина – глобулиновая фракция. Содержание сырого жира в семенах разных сортов изменялось от 4,62 до 9,28%. Обнаружены различия в жирнокислотном составе масла семян люпина разной видовой принадлежности. Жирнокислотный состав семян характеризовался преобладанием олеиновой кислоты в масле семян сортов белого люпина, при явном преобладании линолевой кислоты в сортах желтого и узколистного люпина. Researches of protein fractional composition and fatty-acid composition of nonalkaloid and low-alkaloid lupine varieties oils for food production are actual in modern social and economic conditions, when it is required to find an alternative for soybean products. In the present work, the protein fractional composition and fatty acid composition of seeds of 11 low-alkaloid lupine varieties of domestic selection of three species: white, yellow and narrow-leaved lupine were investigated. The highest content of crude protein was detected in seed samples of yellow lupine, the crude protein content in white lupine seeds was slightly lower, and all the studied samples of narrow-leaved lupine were characterized by the lowest crude protein content. The total amount of soluble proteins in lupine seeds was high and varied from 84,21 to 92,45 %. In all examined samples of white lupine varieties the albumin fraction dominated, while in seeds of narrow-leaved and yellow lupine varieties the globulin fraction dominated. The crude fat content in the seeds of the different varieties varied from 4,62 to 9,28%. Differences were found in the fatty acid composition of lupin seed oil of different species. The fatty-acid composition of seeds was characterized by the predominance of oleic acid in the oil of white lupine varieties, with a clear predominance of linoleic acid in yellow and narrow-leaved lupine varieties.

Content of Amino Acids in Maize and Yellow Lupine after Fluorine Application to Soil

Pollution of the natural environment with fluorine compounds makes the continuous monitoring of the content of this element necessary, not only in the air, water and soil, but also in food. A high level of fluorine contamination of soils can affect quality of the obtained yields, affecting the amino acid composition of protein. It often becomes a cause of reducing nutrition and feed value of agricultural yields. In the undertaken studies, the influence of fluorine application to the soil on the amino acid content in proteins accumulated in the above-ground parts (aerial) of Zea mays L. and Lupinus luteus L. was studied. The lowest and medium doses of fluorine had a significant positive effect on the content of exogenous and endogenous amino acids in the protein of the aerial mass of maize, for which the increase of sum of all amino acids was 7% and 8%, respectively, in relation to controls. The above-ground parts of yellow lupine were characterised by a much higher content of the tested amino acids than maize. The subsequent influence of soil contamination with fluorine on the amino acid content in yellow lupine did not have the same effect as in the main plant, and the influence of fluorine was somewhat limited. With respect to yellow lupine, it was demonstrated that the lowest fluorine dose (100 mg F kg−1 of soil), did not have a beneficial influence on the sum of all amino acids. The medium and highest doses of fluorine depressed in a small degree the content of the sum of these compounds in the dry mass of yellow lupine.

On the issue of protection of yellow lupine from anthracnose in the field

Annotation Over the years of many years of research in the field, it was found that the creation of completely anthracnose-resistant varieties of yellow lupine (Lupinus Luteus L) is not possible. But at each stage of the pathological process, various defense mechanisms operate that determine the resistance or susceptibility of plants to diseases. There is a passive defense associated with morpho-biological features. A positive role in the control of anthracnose of early and mid-season forms with limited second-order shoots, fast-growing ones with anthocyanin coloration, xeromorphic leaf type, dark green color of vegetative organs, intensely colored seeds (2c, 4c, 2d), different corolla colors (numbers 52-87-2113 and 1477-1-17) and a flower (varieties Iputsky and Rodnik). Observations have shown that a waxy coating on a bean or a thick layer of hairs that helps water roll off, a more spreading bush that provides quick ventilation and moisture removal, reduces anthracnose infestation. It was found that the passive defense mechanism is largely due to the totality of morpho-biological characteristics and the nature of their interaction. Different infestation with anthracnose depending on the sowing density was shown: under conditions of sparse sowing (600 thousand seeds / ha), it averaged 4.6% during flowering and 8.0% at bean formation, and in a denser cenosis (1.2 mln. grain / ha), respectively, 18.7 and 62.0%. An active plant defense mechanism has been established and is being studied -hypersensitivity - this is an increased sensitivity of living cells of a plant - a host in places where a pathogen penetrates and its rapid death with the formation of necrosis. It was revealed that necrotic forms of yellow lupine are less affected by anthracnose during all phases of plant growth and development and, especially, during the formation of beans. At the site of penetration of the pathogen, an orange spot develops, around which a roller of dead tissue is formed, i.e., the pathogen’s access to living cells stops at the expense of which it feeds. The selected material with bean necrosis, without external sporulation, reduces the infectious load in the infected crops.

Effect of mineral fertilizers on productivity and quality of yellow lupine cultivated on soddy-podzolic sandy soil

The article presents the results of investigations carried out in a field experiment on sod-podzolic sandy soil contaminated with radionuclides, the efficiency of influence of doses and kinds of potassium fertilizers on the yield, 137Cs accumulation and fodder value of yellow lupine was studied. The carried out researches showed that the optimum doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for getting an increased yield of green mass is P45K150, in both studied types of potassium fertilizers. To get the maximum grain yield of lupine, the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers are P45K150 and P45K210. Analyzing the effect of different types of potassium fertilizers on the formation of yellow lupine grain yield, it can be noted that the use of potassium fertilizer - Kalimag, the yield was higher than that of potassium chloride. To decrease accumulation of 137Cs in lupine green mass below permissible level, the doses of mineral fertilizers shouldn’t be less than P45K150. Maximum decrease of radionuclides in the grain was noted in the variant P45K210 (Kmg).

The Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Two Lupine Species on the Digestibility of Protein and Amino Acids, Microflora Composition and Metabolites Production in the Ileum of Growing Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of raw and Candida utilis-fermented yellow (YL) and narrow-leaved lupine (NL) seeds on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AID) of protein and amino acids in pigs and the metabolic activity of their intestinal microflora. Five cross-bred castrated 25-kg barrows were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and housed individually in metabolic cages. They were fed five semi-synthetic diets containing only one source of protein: soybean meal (SBM), raw or fermented yellow lupine seeds (RYL or FYL), raw or fermented narrow-leaved lupine seeds (RNL or FNL). The study period consisted of six-day adaptation to the diet and one-day collection of digesta, which was sampled for microbial and chemical analyses. The AID coefficients of protein and amino acids were calculated with the marker method with TiO2. One-way (feed effect) and two-way (variety effect, fermentation effect) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s test at p < 0.05 were applied. The digesta from the SBM and FNL variants had significantly higher (p < 0.05) AID coefficients of protein, asparagine, threonine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, and tyrosine, whereas the SBM variant was characterized by the lowest AID of cystine and the highest AID of alanine and methionine (p < 0.05). The ileal digesta of the pigs fed with FYL contained more bacteria, whereas the count of yeast was higher in the FNL variant. The digesta of the pigs from the FNL and RYL variants had the highest count of moulds (p < 0.05), whereas the digesta in the FYL, SBM, and RNL variants had almost no moulds at all. The ileal dry matter content was significantly lower in SBM group. The lowest pH was noted in the RYL variant (p < 0.05). The content of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids in the ileal digesta of the SBM variant was the lowest (p < 0.05). Fermentation significantly improved the AID of protein, asparagine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and arginine, increased the counts of total bacteria and yeast, the pH value, and isobutyrate and isovalerate concentrations, but decreased the dry matter and ammonia content (p < 0.05). The digesta of the NL variants was characterized by higher AID of asparagine, threonine, serine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and arginine, and higher counts of LAB and moulds but lower total bacteria count than in the YL variants. The ileal pH was lower in the YL variants, where higher isobutyrate and butyrate concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed. To sum up, fermentation increased the counts of the ileal microbiota and improved the digestibility coefficients of protein and some amino acids. The narrow-leaved lupine seeds resulted in more positive changes in the digesta of growing pigs than yellow lupine.

Assessment of the differential gene expression in anthracnose treated seedlings of yellow lupin

Seedlings of yellow lupine treated with Colletotrichum lupini isolate were studied by the method of SRAP-analysis with the purpose to assess the differential expression of genes. As a result, the PCR fragment corresponding to tolerant seedlings was found. The genetic determinants found are likely involved in the control of the resistance (tolerance) of lupine plants to anthracnose.

Anther Dehiscence Is Regulated By Gibberellic Acid In Yellow Lupine (Lupinus Luteus L.)

Background:Anther dehiscence resulting in the release of pollen grains is tightly regulated in spatio-temporal manner by various factors. In yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.), the species which shows cleistogamy, the anthers split before the flowers open but the course and regulation of this process is unknown. Specific control of the anther development takes place with the participation of hormonal pathways, the wide action of which ensures reproductive success. In our previous research we have shown that the lowest transcript level of LlDELLA1, a main repressor of gibberellin (GA) signaling, in flower and early pod development occurs about the time of anther opening; therefore the main purpose of this study was to precisely investigate the gibberellic acid (GA3)-dependent regulation of anther dehiscence program in yellow lupine.Results:In this paper we showed the specific changes in the yellow lupine anther structure during the dehiscence and identified several genes widely-associated with this process, including deposition of lignocellulosic secondary thickening in the endothecium, enzymatic breakdown of cell walls at the septum/stomium and cell degeneration via programmed cell death (PCD). The expression profile of genes varied over time with the most intense mRNA accumulation in the phases prior to or about time of anther opening. The transcriptional activity revealed also that these genes are highly co-expressed and regulated in a GA-dependent manner. The cellular and tissue localization of GA3 exhibited that these molecules are present right before anther opening, mainly in septum cells, near the vascular bundle and in the endothecium, and later they were completely undetectable. The GA3 localization strongly correlates with the transcriptional activity of genes related with GA biosynthesis and deactivation. The obtained results also suggest that GA3 controls LlGAMYB expression via LlMIR159-dependent pathway.Conclusions:The presented results show a clear contribution of GA3 in the control of the extensive anther dehiscence program in yellow lupine. Understanding the processes underlying pollen release at hormonal and molecular level is a significant aspect in controlling fertility in economically important legume crop species and increased attention of breeders.