scholarly journals Regulation of Tocopherol Biosynthesis During Fruit Maturation of Different Citrus Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia Rey ◽  
Lorenzo Zacarias ◽  
María Jesús Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Maturation Stages

Tocopherols are plant-derived isoprenoids with vitamin E activity, which are involved in diverse physiological processes in plants. Although their biosynthesis has been extensively investigated in model plants, their synthesis in important fruit crops as Citrus has scarcely been studied. Therefore, the aim of this work was to initiate a physiological and molecular characterization of tocopherol synthesis and accumulation in Citrus fruits during maturation. For that purpose, we selected fruit of the four main commercial species: grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus clementina), and analyzed tocopherol content and the expression profile of 14 genes involved in tocopherol synthesis during fruit maturation in both the flavedo and pulp. The selected genes covered the pathways supplying the tocopherol precursors homogentisate (HGA) (TAT1 and HPPD) and phytyl pyrophosphate (PPP) (VTE5, VTE6, DXS1 and 2, GGPPS1 and 6, and GGDR) and the tocopherol-core pathway (VTE2, VTE3a, VTE3b, VTE1, and VTE4). Tocopherols accumulated mainly as α- and γ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was the predominant form in both tissues. Moreover, differences were detected between tissues, among maturation stages and genotypes. Contents were higher in the flavedo than in the pulp during maturation, and while they increased in the flavedo they decreased or were maintained in the pulp. Among genotypes, mature fruit of lemon accumulated the highest tocopherol content in both the flavedo and the pulp, whereas mandarin fruit accumulated the lowest concentrations, and grapefruit and orange had intermediate levels. Higher concentrations in the flavedo were associated with a higher expression of all the genes evaluated, and different genes are suitable candidates to explain the temporal changes in each tissue: (1) in the flavedo, the increase in tocopherols was concomitant with the up-regulation of TAT1 and VTE4, involved in the supply of HGA and the shift of γ- into α-tocopherol, respectively; and (2) in the pulp, changes paralleled the expression of VTE6, DXS2, and GGDR, which regulate PPP availability. Also, certain genes (i.e., VTE6, DXS2, and GGDR) were co-regulated and shared a similar pattern during maturation in both tissues, suggesting they are developmentally modulated.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers in Citrus

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaz Ahmad ◽  
Darush Struss ◽  
Stephen M. Southwick
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Dinucleotide Repeats ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Enrichment Procedure ◽  
Washington Navel

We evaluated the potential of microsatellite markers for use in Citrus genome analysis. Microsatellite loci were identified by screening enriched and nonenriched libraries developed from `Washington Navel' Citrus. Microsatellite-containing clones were sequenced and 26 specific PCR primers were selected for cross-species amplification and identification of cultivars/clones in Citrus. After an enrichment procedure, on average 69.9% of clones contained dinucleotide repeats (CA)n and (CT)n, in contrast to <25% of the clones that were identified as positive in hybridization screening of a nonenriched library. A library enriched for trinucleotide (CTT)n contained <15% of the clones with (CTT)n repeats. Repeat length for most of the dinucleotide microsatellites was in the range of 10 to 30 units. We observed that enrichment procedure pulled out more of the (CA)n repeats than (CT)n repeats from the Citrus genome. All microsatellites were polymorphic except one. No correlation was observed between the number of alleles and the number of microsatellite repeats. In total, 118 putative alleles were detected using 26 primer pairs. The number of putative alleles per primer pair ranged from one to nine with an average of 4.5. Microsatellite markers discriminated sweet oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) osb], mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.), lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.], and citrange (hybrids of trifoliate orange and sweet orange), at the species level, but individual cultivars/clones within sweet oranges, mandarins and grapefruit known to have evolved by somatic mutation remained undistinguishable. Since these microsatellite markers were conserved within different Citrus species, they could be used for linkage mapping, evolutionary and taxonomic study in Citrus.

Isolation and Characterization of Copia-like Retrotransposons from 12 Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) Cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neng-Guo TAO ◽  
Juan XU ◽  
Yun-Jiang CHENG ◽  
Liu HONG ◽  
Wen-Wu GUO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

scholarly journals Characterization of electrical penetration graphs of the Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri, in sweet orange seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bonani ◽  
A. Fereres ◽  
E. Garzo ◽  
M. P. Miranda ◽  
B. Appezzato-Da-Gloria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graphs

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Five Citrus spp. Essential Oils towards the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182
Author(s):  
Roberto Bava ◽  
Fabio Castagna ◽  
Cristian Piras ◽  
Ernesto Palma ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Varroa Destructor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Citrus Spp

Varroa destructor is the most important ectoparasitic mite of honey bees that has a negative impact on bee health and honey production. The control programs are mainly based on the use of synthetic acaricides that are often administered indiscriminately. All this has led to drug resistance that now represent a great concern for honey bee farming. The research for alternative products/methods for mites’ control is now mandatory. The aim of this study was to test whether Citrus spp. essential oils could diminish the growth of the V. destructor mite. In Calabria (southern Italy), plants of the Citrus genus are very common and grow both spontaneously and cultured. The essential oils used in this study were extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), orange (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulata) by hydrodistillation. Every EO was in vitro tested against V. destructor. Each experimental replicate was performed using 35 viable adult female mites (5 for each EO) collected the same day from the same apiary and included negative controls (5 individuals exposed to acetone only) and positive controls (5 individuals exposed to Amitraz diluted in acetone). The essential oils (Eos) were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL) in HPLC grade acetone to obtain the working solution to be tested (50 µL/tube). Mite mortality was manually assessed after 1 h exposure under controlled conditions. The essential oils that showed the best effectiveness at 0.5 mg/mL were bergamot, which neutralized (dead + inactivated) 80% (p ≤ 0.001) of the parasites; grapefruit, which neutralized 70% (p ≤ 0.001); and lemon, which neutralized 69% of them. Interestingly, the positive control (Amitraz) at the same concentration neutralized 60% of the parasites. These results demonstrate that Calabrian bergamot, grapefruit, and lemon Eos consistently reduced V. destructor viability and open the possibility for their utilization to control this parasite in honey bee farming.

scholarly journals First Report from Syria of Citrus tristeza virus in Citrus spp.

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 1468-1468
Author(s):  
R. Abou Kubaa ◽  
K. Djelouah ◽  
A. M. D'Onghia ◽  
R. Addante ◽  
M. Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
First Report ◽  
Mexican Lime ◽  
Vein Clearing ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

During the spring of 2006, the main Syrian citrus-growing areas of Lattakia (Jableh, Aledyye, Eseelya, Siano, and Hresoon provinces) and Tartous (Almintar, Aljammase, Karto, Majdaloonelbahr, Yahmour, Amreet, Althawra, and Safita provinces) were surveyed to assess the presence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Eight nurseries (approximately 130 plants per nursery), two budwood source fields (approximately 230 trees per field), and 19 groves (approximately 60 trees per grove) containing the main citrus varieties were visually inspected and sampled for serological assays. The hierarchical sampling method was carried out in each selected grove (2). Infected samples were collected from two nurseries, two budwood source fields, and six groves. Stems and leaf petioles from nursery trees and flower explants from the groves were collected and analyzed for CTV by direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) with the commercial kit from Plantprint (Valencia, Spain). Of 2,653 samples tested, 89 (4%) CTV-infected plants were detected. Five citrus varieties were found to be infected and Meyer lemon (Citrus limon ‘Meyer’) had the highest incidence at 16%. Numerous sweet orange varieties (Citrus sinensis L.) were found to be highly infected in the field, but only the Washington navel sweet orange was found to be infected in the nurseries. No clear CTV symptoms were observed during the survey. Samples that were positive for CTV by DTBIA were also positive by biological indexing on Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia) and immunocapture-reverse transcription-PCR as described by Nolasco et al. (3). Coat protein gene sequences obtained from five selected clones of a Syrian CTV isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU626555) showed more than 99 and 98% nucleotide sequence identity to a Jordanian CTV isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY550252) and the VT isolate (GenBank Accession No. U56902), respectively. Almost all infected samples induced moderate vein clearing symptoms when grafted to Mexican lime. Symptoms of vein clearing, leaf cupping, stunting, and stem pitting on Mexican lime were induced by graft transmission of CTV from one Valencia sample from the Tartous area. The viral inoculum is widely and randomly distributed in commercial groves, especially in the southern Tartous area and in some nurseries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CTV in Syria. However, CTV was reported from the neighboring citrus-growing countries of Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan (1), and the severe seedling yellows strain is present in this area, which poses a potential threat to Syrian citriculture. References: (1) G. H. Anfoka et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 44:17, 2005. (2) G. Hughes and T. R. Gottwald, Phytopathology 88:715, 1998. (3) G. Nolasco et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:293, 2002.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of a Novel Cathepsin L in Macrobrachium nipponense and Its Function in Ovary Maturation

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sufei Jiang ◽  
Yiwei Xiong ◽  
Wenyi Zhang ◽  
Junpeng Zhu ◽  
Dan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Macrobrachium Nipponense ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Gonad Somatic Index ◽  
Oriental River Prawn ◽  
Ovary Maturation

Cathepsin L genes, which belonged to cysteine proteases, were a series of multifunctional protease and played important roles in a lot of pathological and physiological processes. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics a cathepsin L (named Mn-CL2) in the female oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense which was involved in ovary maturation. The Mn-CL2 was1,582 bp in length, including a 978 bp open reading frame that encoded 326 amino acids. The Mn-CL2 was classified into the cathepsin L group by phylogenetic analysis. Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis indicated that Mn-CL2 was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and ovaries of female prawns. During the different ovarian stages, Mn-CL2 expression in the hepatopancreas and ovaries peaked before ovarian maturation. In situ hybridization studies revealed that Mn-CL2 was localized in the oocyte of the ovary. Injection of Mn-CL2 dsRNA significantly reduced the expression of vitellogenin. Changes in the gonad somatic index also confirmed the inhibitory effects of Mn-CL2 dsRNA on ovary maturation. These results suggest that Mn-CL2 has a key role in promoting ovary maturation.

scholarly journals Chromatin accessibility is dynamically regulated across C. elegans development and ageing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Jänes ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Michael Schoof ◽  
Jacques Serizay ◽  
Alex Appert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Transcription Profiles ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Global Identification ◽  
Identification And Characterization

AbstractAn essential step for understanding the transcriptional circuits that control development and physiology is the global identification and characterization of regulatory elements. Here we present the first map of regulatory elements across the development and ageing of an animal, identifying 42,245 elements accessible in at least one C. elegans stage. Based on nuclear transcription profiles, we define 15,714 protein-coding promoters and 19,231 putative enhancers, and find that both types of element can drive orientation-independent transcription. Additionally, hundreds of promoters produce transcripts antisense to protein coding genes, suggesting involvement in a widespread regulatory mechanism. We find that the accessibility of most elements is regulated during development and/or ageing and that patterns of accessibility change are linked to specific developmental or physiological processes. The map and characterization of regulatory elements across C. elegans life provides a platform for understanding how transcription controls development and ageing.

Characterization of Microbial pigments from a combination of Citrus limon peel and Carica papaya pulp extract by using Penicillium purpurogenum

2021 ◽  
pp. 2417-2425
Author(s):  
Aparna S.S.V. ◽  
D. Sarvamangala ◽  
S. Manga
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Penicillium Purpurogenum ◽  
Papaya Pulp ◽  
Phenyl Vinyl

The present examination was done for assurance of the microbial colors present in the blend of Citrus limon (strip) and Carica papaya (pulp) is the restoratively significant plant having a place with the Rutaceae and Caricaceae family individually. In the present investigation, the concentrate of Citrus limon strip with Carica papaya mash has been exposed to aging by utilizing Pencillium purpurogenum and broke down by explanatory systems. This investigation uncovered that microbial concentrate of Citrus limon and Carica papaya contains Silanediol dimethyl, 3-furaldehyde, 4-hepten-3-one, 3-undecen-5-yne, 3-cyclohexon-ol, 3,4,5-Trimethylpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-6(1H)-one, N-didehydrohexacarboxyl-2,4,5-trimethylpiperazine, 6,10-Dimethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(methylsulfanyl) - 2-aza-spiro [4.5] deca-1,6,9-trien-8-one, 9-octadecenoic corrosive, 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, Di-n-octyl phthalate, 2-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)- vinyl]-1-(2-phenoxy-ethyl)- 1h-benzoimidazole, lilial, Cyclohexane, and 3',4',5,6,7,8-Hexamethoxyflavone defending the utilization of this plant to treat numerous aliments in society and homegrown prescription.

scholarly journals Molecular and functional characterization of somatostatin-type signalling in a deuterostome invertebrate

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200172
Author(s):  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Luis Alfonso Yañez Guerra ◽  
Michaela Egertová ◽  
Cleidiane G. Zampronio ◽  
Alexandra M. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacological Characterization ◽  
Cardiac Stomach ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Pharmacological Tests ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Somatostatin (SS) and allatostatin-C (ASTC) are structurally and evolutionarily related neuropeptides that act as inhibitory regulators of physiological processes in mammals and insects, respectively. Here, we report the first molecular and functional characterization of SS/ASTC-type signalling in a deuterostome invertebrate—the starfish Asterias rubens (phylum Echinodermata). Two SS/ASTC-type precursors were identified in A. rubens (ArSSP1 and ArSSP2) and the structures of neuropeptides derived from these proteins (ArSS1 and ArSS2) were analysed using mass spectrometry. Pharmacological characterization of three cloned A. rubens SS/ASTC-type receptors (ArSSR1–3) revealed that ArSS2, but not ArSS1, acts as a ligand for all three receptors. Analysis of ArSS2 expression in A. rubens using mRNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed stained cells/fibres in the central nervous system, the digestive system (e.g. cardiac stomach) and the body wall and its appendages (e.g. tube feet). Furthermore, in vitro pharmacological tests revealed that ArSS2 causes dose-dependent relaxation of tube foot and cardiac stomach preparations, while injection of ArSS2 in vivo causes partial eversion of the cardiac stomach. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular evolution of SS/ASTC-type signalling in the animal kingdom and reveal an ancient role of SS-type neuropeptides as inhibitory regulators of muscle contractility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document