Vacuolar Processing Enzymes Modulating Susceptibility Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Infections in Banana

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (FocTR4) is a destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen afflicting global banana production. Infection process involves the activation of programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, seven Musa acuminata vacuolar processing enzyme (MaVPE1–MaVPE7) genes associated with PCD were successfully identified. Phylogenetic analysis and tissue-specific expression categorized these MaVPEs into the seed and vegetative types. FocTR4 infection induced the majority of MaVPE expressions in the susceptible cultivar “Berangan” as compared to the resistant cultivar “Jari Buaya.” Consistently, upon FocTR4 infection, high caspase-1 activity was detected in the susceptible cultivar, while low level of caspase-1 activity was recorded in the resistant cultivar. Furthermore, inhibition of MaVPE activities via caspase-1 inhibitor in the susceptible cultivar reduced tonoplast rupture, decreased lesion formation, and enhanced stress tolerance against FocTR4 infection. Additionally, the Arabidopsis VPE-null mutant exhibited higher tolerance to FocTR4 infection, indicated by reduced sporulation rate, low levels of H2O2 content, and high levels of cell viability. Comparative proteomic profiling analysis revealed increase in the abundance of cysteine proteinase in the inoculated susceptible cultivar, as opposed to cysteine proteinase inhibitors in the resistant cultivar. In conclusion, the increase in vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE)-mediated PCD played a crucial role in modulating susceptibility response during compatible interaction, which facilitated FocTR4 colonization in the host.

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Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Flax Cultivars in Response to Fusarium oxysporum Stress

10.20944/preprints202110.0228.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

He Rui ◽

Chang Yin Dong ◽

Wang Jian Ming

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Plant Hormone ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Susceptible Cultivar ◽

Significant Difference

A plant’s early response to pathogen stress is a vital indicator of its disease resistance. In order to study the response mechanism of resistant and susceptible flax cultivars to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini (Foln), we applied RNA-sequencing to analyze transcriptomes of flax with Foln 0.5, 2 and 8 hours post inoculation (hpi). We found a significant difference in the number of differential expression genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible flax clutivars. The number of DEGs in the Fusarium-resistant cultivar increased dramatically at 2 hpi, and a large number of DEGs participated in the Fusarium-susceptible cultivar response to Foln infection 0.5 hpi. GO enrichment analysis determined that the up-regulated DEGs of both flax cultivars were enriched such as oxidoreductase activity and oxidation-reduction process. At the same time, the genes involved in diterpenoid synthesis were up-regulated in resistant cultivar, while those involved in extracellular region, cell wall and organophosphate ester transport were down-regulated in susceptible cultivar. KEGG enrichment analysis showed the genes encoded WRKY 22 and WRKY33 which involved in MAPK signaling pathway were up-regulated expressed in S-29 and down-regulated expressed in R-7, negatively regulated the disease resistance of flax; The genes encoded Hsp 90 family which in involved in plant pathogen interaction pathway were up-regulated in R-7 and down-regulated in S-29, which positively regulated the disease resistance of flax; The genes encoded MYC2 transcription factor and TIFY proteins which involved in plant hormone signaling pathway were up-regulated in R-7, and regulated the jasmonic acid metabolism of flax and the signal transduction of plant hormones. Meanwhile seven regulatory genes with the most correlation were screened out, Among Lus10025000.g and Lus10026447.g regulated other genes expressed both in plant hormone signal transduction pathway and MAPK signal pathway. In conclusion, these findings will facilitate further studies on the function of these candidate genes in flax of response to Fusarium stress, and the breeding of disease-resistant flax cultivar.

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A light microscope study of resistant and susceptible carnations infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b85-080 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 638-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. Harling ◽

G. S. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Fungal Colonization ◽

Susceptible Cultivar ◽

Gel Formation ◽

Defence Mechanism ◽

Xylem Parenchyma ◽

Structural Responses

An anatomical study of infection by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. dianthi (Prill, et Del.) Snyd. and Hans, in the stems of a resistant carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivar, and a susceptible cultivar, was carried out to determine host structural responses to infection which might be important in resistance to the fungus. Histological examination of stems at 2–24 days following inoculation revealed certain features of infection which were common to both the resistant and the susceptible cultivars. These were colonization of the xylem vessels and surrounding tissues, hyperplasia, hypertrophy and altered cytoplasmic activity of the xylem parenchyma, blockage of vessels with gels, and swelling of the vessel pit membranes between pit pairs. Gel formation was associated with paratracheal parenchyma cells. However, the extent and timing of some of these features were different between the two cultivars. The susceptible cultivar showed extensive colonization and destruction of xylem vessels and surrounding tissues, limited hyperplasia, and limited vascular gelation which was also slow to occur. In contrast, the resistant cultivar had less colonization and destruction of xylem, extensive areas of hyperplastic xylem parenchyma which sometimes surrounded groups of infected vessels, and rapid and extensive gelation of the xylem vessels in advance of fungal colonization. The rapid gelation response, together with the hyperplasia, were considered to be responsible for the physical containment of the fungus in the resistant cultivar and are therefore an important part of the defence mechanism in this host against the pathogen.

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Molecular characterization of a vacuolar processing enzyme related to a putative cysteine proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni.

The Plant Cell ◽

10.1105/tpc.5.11.1651 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 1651-1659 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

I Hara-Nishimura ◽

Y Takeuchi ◽

M Nishimura

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Cysteine Proteinase ◽

Vacuolar Processing Enzyme ◽

Processing Enzyme

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Molecular Characterization of a Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Related to a Putative Cysteine Proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni

The Plant Cell ◽

10.2307/3869746 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ikuko Hara-Nishimura ◽

Yuka Takeuchi ◽

Mikio Nishimura

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Cysteine Proteinase ◽

Vacuolar Processing Enzyme ◽

Processing Enzyme

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Measurement of the Caspase-1-Like Activity of Vacuolar Processing Enzyme in Plants

Methods in Molecular Biology - Plant Programmed Cell Death ◽

10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_15 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 163-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noriyuki Hatsugai ◽

Ikuko Hara-Nishimura

Keyword(s):

Vacuolar Processing Enzyme ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

Processing Enzyme

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A Surface Amebic Cysteine Proteinase Inactivates Interleukin-18

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.71.3.1274-1280.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 1274-1280 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Xuchu Que ◽

Soo-Hyun Kim ◽

Mohammed Sajid ◽

Lars Eckmann ◽

Charles A. Dinarello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Proteinase Inhibitors ◽

Cysteine Proteinase ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Kinetic Properties ◽

Host Defenses ◽

Complement Components ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity

ABSTRACT Amebiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasion by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites causes secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from host epithelial cells, leading to a local acute inflammatory response, followed by lysis of colonic cells. Extracellular cysteine proteinases from amebic trophozoites are key virulence factors and have a number of important interactions with host defenses, including cleavage of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and complement components C3 and C5. Amebic lysates have also been shown to activate the precursor to interleukin 1-beta (proIL-1β), mimicking the action of caspase-1. IL-18 is also a central cytokine, which induces gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and activates macrophages, one of the main host defenses against invading trophozoites. Because proIL-18 is also activated by caspase-1, we evaluated whether amebic proteinases had a similar effect. Instead, we found that recombinant proIL-18 was cleaved into smaller fragments by the complex of surface-associated and released amebic proteinases. To evaluate the function of an individual proteinase from the complex pool, we expressed an active surface proteinase, EhCP5, which is functional only in E. histolytica. Recombinant EhCP5 expressed in Pichia pastoris had kinetic properties similar to those of the native enzyme with respect to substrate specificity and sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors. In contrast to the activation of proIL-1β by amebic lysates, the purified proteinase cleaved proIL-18 and mature IL-18 to biologically inactive fragments. These studies suggest that the acute host response and amebic invasion result from a complex interplay of parasite virulence factors and host defenses. E. histolytica may block the host inflammatory response by a novel mechanism, inactivation of IL-18.

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