The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs

AbstractRecently, sociolinguistic attitude research has adopted a number of new implicit attitude measures developed in social psychology. Especially the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has proven a successful new addition to the sociolinguist’s toolbox. Despite its relative success, the IAT has a number of limitations, such as the fact that it measures the association between two concepts (e.g. ‘I’ and ‘skinny’) without controlling for the relationship between those two concepts (e.g. ‘I am skinny’ vs. ‘I want to be skinny’). The Relational Responding Task (RRT), a novel implicit attitude measure recently developed by social psychologists, makes up for exactly that limitation by presenting participants with full propositions expressing beliefs rather than loose concepts. In this paper, we present a study that explores the RRT as a novel implicit measure of language attitudes. We employ the method to investigate the social meaning of two varieties of Dutch: Standard Belgian Dutch and colloquial Belgian Dutch. In total 391 native speakers of Belgian Dutch took part in the study. A training effect in the data aside, our results show that the latter variety is associated with dynamism, while the former is perceived as prestigious.

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A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications ◽

10.1027/1864-1105/a000057 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Florian Arendt

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Term Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Short Term Effect ◽

Automatic Associations ◽

Foreign Nationality ◽

The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

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Transposition in Pigeons: Multiple-Pair Training Facilitates Relational Responding

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e603992013-066 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Olga F. Lazareva ◽

Michelle Miner ◽

Edward A. Wasserman ◽

Michael E. Young

Keyword(s):

Relational Responding

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Developing an Implicit Measure of Specific Emotions

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e617962012-444 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Nathan L. Arbuckle ◽

B. Keith Payne

Keyword(s):

Implicit Measure

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Reduced Jumping to Conclusion Bias after Experimentally Induced Enhancement of Subjective Body Boundaries in Psychosis

Psychopathology ◽

10.1159/000513271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Naomi Lyons ◽

Detlef E. Dietrich ◽

Johannes Graser ◽

Georg Juckel ◽

Christian Koßmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sense Of Self ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Control Group ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Relevant Factor ◽

The Core ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Explicit Measure ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Core Features

Introduction: A disturbed sense of self is frequently discussed as an etiological factor for delusion symptoms in psychosis. Phenomenological approaches to psychopathology posit that lacking the sense that the self is localized within one’s bodily boundaries (disembodiment) is one of the core features of the disturbed self in psychosis. The present study examines this idea by experimentally manipulating the sense of bodily boundaries. Methods: Seventy-three patients with psychosis were randomly assigned to either a 10-min, guided self-massage in the experimental group (EG) to enhance the sense of bodily boundaries or a control group (CG), which massaged a fabric ring. Effects on an implicit measure (jumping to conclusion bias; JTC) and an explicit measure (Brief State Paranoia Checklist; BSPC) of delusion processes were assessed. The JTC measures the tendency to make a decision with little evidence available, and the BSPC explicitly measures the approval of paranoid beliefs. Results: Patients in the EG showed a lower JTC (M = 4.11 draws before decision) than the CG (M = 2.43; Cohen’s d = 0.64). No significant difference in the BSPC was observed. Discussion/Conclusion: Our results indicate that enhancing the sense of body boundaries through a self-massage can reduce an implicit bias associated with delusional ideation and correspondingly support the idea that disembodiment might be a relevant factor in the formation of psychotic symptoms.

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Does Minimal Inconsistency Evoke Negative Affect? Report From Three Studies Using an Implicit Measure of Emotion

Psychological Studies ◽

10.1007/s12646-020-00594-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Bran ◽

David C. Vaidis

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Implicit Measure

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Biochemical Transfer of Relational Responding (Transposition)

Science ◽

10.1126/science.176.4037.942 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 176 (4037) ◽

pp. 942-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. W. Braud ◽

W. G. Braud

Keyword(s):

Relational Responding

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The Default Network Distinguishes Construals of Proximal versus Distal Events

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_00009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2945-2955 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Diana I. Tamir ◽

Jason P. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

Psychological Distance ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Retrosplenial Cortex ◽

Default Network ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

Neuroscience Research ◽

Cognitive Theories ◽

Different Dimensions

Humans enjoy a singular capacity to imagine events that differ from the “here-and-now.” Recent cognitive neuroscience research has linked such simulation processes to the brain's “default network.” However, extant cognitive theories suggest that perceivers reliably simulate only relatively proximal experiences—those that seem nearby, soon, likely to happen, or relevant to a close other. Here, we test these claims by examining spontaneous engagement of the default network while perceivers consider experiencing events from proximal and distal perspectives. Across manipulations of perspective in four dimensions, two regions of the default network—medial prefrontal cortex and retrosplenial cortex—were more active for proximal than distal events, supporting cognitive accounts that perceivers only richly simulate experiences that seem immediate and that perceivers represent different dimensions of distance similarly. Moreover, stable individual differences in default activity when thinking about distal events correlated with individual variability in an implicit measure of psychological distance, suggesting that perceivers naturally vary in their tendency to simulate far-off or unlikely experiences.

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Digging Deeper: Using Implicit Tests to Define Consumers' Semantic Network

International Journal of Market Research ◽

10.2501/ijmr-2013-035 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 375-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pierrick Rivière ◽

Caroline Cuny ◽

Gaël Allain ◽

Carel Vereijken

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Lexical Decision Task ◽

Market Research ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Semantic Network ◽

Decision Task ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Personal Experiences ◽

Associated Symptoms ◽

Broad Complex

Many physiological functions, such as the digestive function, are broad, complex scientific topics. Therefore, to build relevant, accessible claims about functional foods that relate to these functions, marketers need to understand what consumers know about them, in terms of the associated symptoms, diseases and health benefits. Such knowledge cannot be captured effectively through direct questioning; it requires implicit testing that can limit biases and reveal unconscious knowledge. For this study, 240 consumers were invited to participate in an implicit lexical decision task via an online platform, and their responses reveal that the concept of ‘immunity’ is associated in mothers' minds with three symptoms related to their personal experiences with their children. By measuring associations that emerge without pre-existing rational processes, this implicit measure offers a more precise picture of the semantic network for immunity, which consumers could not express explicitly in response to direct questioning. Thus the recommended protocol is not only new to market research but also adds substantial value to the tests that currently serve to dig into consumers' minds.

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A Diffusion Model Approach for Understanding the Impact of 17 Interventions on the Race Implicit Association Test

10.31124/advance.13270910.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Röhner ◽

Calvin K. Lai

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Association Test ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Sham Intervention ◽

The Impact ◽

Speed Accuracy

Performance on implicit measures reflects construct-specific and non-construct-specific processes. This creates an interpretive issue for understanding interventions to change implicit measures: change in performance could reflect changes in the constructs-of-interest or changes in other mental processes. We re-analyzed data from six studies (N = 23,342) to examine the process-level effects of 17 interventions and one sham intervention to change race Implicit Association Test (IAT) performance. Diffusion models decompose overall IAT performance (D-scores) into construct-specific (ease of decision-making), and non-construct-specific processes (speed-accuracy tradeoffs, non-decision-related processes like motor execution). Interventions that effectively reduced D-scores changed ease of decision-making on compatible and incompatible trials. They also eliminated differences in speed-accuracy tradeoffs between compatible and incompatible trials. Non-decision-related processes were impacted by two interventions only. There was little evidence that interventions had any long-term effects. These findings highlight the value of diffusion modeling for understanding the mechanisms by which interventions affect implicit measure performance.

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