scholarly journals The Effects of an In-vehicle Collision Warning System on Older Drivers' On-road Head Movements at Intersections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shichrur ◽  
Navah Z. Ratzon ◽  
Arava Shoham ◽  
Avinoam Borowsky
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Old Adult

With age might come a decline in crucial driving skills. The effect of a collision warning system (CWS) on older drivers' head movements behavior at intersections was examined.Methods: Twenty-six old-adults, between 55 and 64 years of age, and 16 Older drivers between 65 and 83 years of age, participated in the study. A CWS (Mobileye Inc.) and a front-back in-vehicle camera (IVC) were installed in each of the participants' own vehicles for 6 months. The CWS was utilized to identify unsafe events during naturalistic driving situations, and the IVC was used to capture head direction at intersections. The experimental design was conducted in three phases (baseline, intervention, and carryover), 2 months each. Unsafe events were recorded by the CWS during all phases of the study. In the second phase, the CWS feedback was activated to examine its effect on drivers' head movement' behavior at intersections.Results: Older drivers (65+) drove significantly more hours in total during the intervention phase (M = 79.1 h, SE = 10) than the baseline phase (M = 39.1 h, SE = 5.3) and the carryover phase (M = 37.7 h, SE = 5.4). The study revealed no significant differences between the head movements of older and old-adult drivers at intersections. For intersection on the left direction, a significant improvement in drivers' head movements' behavior was found at T-junctions, turns and four-way intersections from phase 1 to phase 3 (p < 0.01), however, two intersection types presented a decrease along the study phases. The head movements' behavior at roundabouts and merges was better at phase 1 compared to phase 3 (p < 0.01). There was no significant reduction of the mean number of CWS unsafe events across the study phases.Conclusions: The immediate feedback provided by the CWS was effective in terms of participants' head movements at certain intersections but was harmful in others. However, older drivers drove many more hours during the active feedback phase, implying that they trusted the system. Therefore, in the light of this complex picture, using the technological feedback with older drivers should be followed with an additional mediation or follow-up to ensure safety.

PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hasan Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

Abstract 9386: Ramp Biphasic Waveforms Have a Lower External Defibrillation Threshold

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Huang ◽  
Gregory P Walcott ◽  
Raymond E Ideker
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Defibrillation Threshold ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Peak Voltage ◽  
Biphasic Waveform ◽  
Internal Defibrillation

Introduction: We have previously shown that waveforms with an ascending ramp in both phases have a lower internal defibrillation threshold (DFT). The purpose of this study was to test whether waveforms with rectilinear, ascending and descending ramps in the second phase would reduce the DFT compared with a standard exponential biphasic waveform with external defibrillation shocks. Methods: In 6 pigs, DFTs were determined for 10 waveforms: a standard truncated exponential biphasic waveform with 60% tilt (Fig 1, #1) and 9 biphasic waveforms with an 8 ms ascending ramp 1st phase and one of 3 rectilinear, ascending ramp or descending ramp 2nd phases. The 3 rectilinear 2nd phases were: 1 ms, 200% of peak voltage of phase 1 (#2); 2 ms, same voltage as phase (#3); 3 ms, half the voltage of phase 1 (#4). The 3 ascending ramp 2nd phases were: 2 ms, 200% of voltage of phase 1(#5); 3 ms, same voltage as phase 1(#6); 4.5 ms, half the voltage of phase 1(#7). The 3 descending ramp 2nd phases were: 2 ms, 200% of voltage of phase 1(#8); 3 ms, same voltage as phase 1(#9); 4.5 ms, half the voltage of phase 1(#10). Results: Phase 2 ascending ramp (#7) and descending ramp (#8, #9) waveforms had the lowest DFTs, which were significantly smaller than for the truncated exponential waveform. (Fig 1, *indicates p<0.05). Conclusions: Waveforms with a ramp in phase 2 (#7, #8, #9) have a lower DFT.

Human trust model of collision warning through pupillary and electromyography responses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Xiaonan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Fuzzy Linear Regression ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Trust In Automation

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] This pioneering work on human trust in automation was modeled by two main physiological measurements responses to collision avoidance warning as observed by pupil and electromyography (EMG) signals long regarded as meaningful physiological responses to danger. As an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) becomes popular, distraction-related crashes caused by frequent false warnings make drivers' trust in ADAS is likely to deteriorate. In particular, trust is one of the most important driver cognitive characteristics that can determine the willingness to rely on and use the ADAS. Hence, it is important to investigate the driver's trust changes related to the collision warning. Previous research was limited to a single physiological response, or survey responses, and ocused on measurements of simple physical reaction instead of on human trust in automation. Accordingly, the driver's trust in a collision avoidance warning system under complex driving circumstances was not well studied. This study extended and enhanced past studies to multiple physiological responses to explore driver trust in collision warning and the role trust plays in avoidance of potential hazards and vulnerability. The purpose of this research was to assess drivers' dynamic learned trust of a collision avoidance warning system through physiological responses. In this multi-phase study, the Tobii eye-tracking device and Myo armbands were used to collect pupillary and EMG responses. During phase 1 study, aftermarket ADAS devices were used to collect drivers' natural responses to the collision warnings under open road real driving. A significant pattern changing of pupil EMG data only exits when drivers responded to warning. The findings of phase 1 demonstrated that pupillary and electromyography responses could be used together as effective indicators when drivers received valuable information and chose to make a physical response to the warning. The study noted that drivers often responded only to a warning in which they identified a potential hazard in situations characterized by uncertainty and vulnerability. As the lab offering an opportunity for simulated danger while studies in natural environments occur under conditions that are largely safe, the phase 2 study was designed as laboratory-based with under controlled environmental factors, to reveal the underlying pupillary and electromyography responses under potential hazards. For the model development, the time series features of pupil dilation and EMG data were extracted as independent variables, while the frustration based trust level was set as a dependent variable. Fuzzy linear regression models were built as quantitative measures of drivers' trust in the collision warning by using pupillary and EMG data. Classification rates of different fuzzy linear regression models were compared to the traditional linear regression model in both development and validation scenarios. Results indicate that the prediction models of drivers' trust, is improved upon by this study's possibility linear regression method (PLR) with waveform length time-series feature of pupil and EMG data as inputs, to more effectively predict drivers' trust in their collision warning system. New understanding of human dynamic learned trust in collision warning systems may provide benefits by improving driving safety and the usability of ADAS. Results from this study could contribute to future software algorithm development in a next-generation smart vehicle that can identify not only potential surrounding hazards, but also drivers' trust status, in order to provide a safer driving experience. Additionally, the findings of this study are anticipated to lead to the improvement of collision warning system development to enhance safety and improved device-user interaction.

scholarly journals City-To-City Learning for Urban Resilience: The Case of Water Squares in Rotterdam and Mexico City

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Ilgen ◽  
Frans Sengers ◽  
Arjan Wardekker
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Face ◽  
Local Leaders

Cities worldwide are building ‘resilience’ in the face of water-related challenges. International networks have emerged through which urban communities draw on each other’s experiences and expertise in order to become resilient cities. Learning is a key principle in resilience-building, but thus far little empirical research is available on city-to-city learning and learning for urban resilience. This paper presents an analysis of how policy relevant knowledge on the notion of ‘Water Squares’ is exchanged between Rotterdam and Mexico City. We mobilize a framework composed of four distinct phases: exploration and marketing (phase 1), building pipelines (phase 2), translation and adoption (phase 3), and internalization and reflection (phase 4). Critical in first phase was introspective analysis of one’s own systems, strengths and weaknesses, rather than an outward-looking search for knowledge or mentees. During the second phase, the cities reframed their own narratives to match those of their counterparts as a way to create a mutual understanding of each other’s struggles and histories. This facilitated policy and knowledge exchange as equal partners on a basis of trust. In the third phase, strong local leaders were recruited into the process, which was key to anchor knowledge in the community and to reduce the risks of losing institutional memory in centralized, hierarchical institutions. For the fourth phase it should be stressed that by internalizing such lessons, cities might strengthen not only their own resilience, but also enhance future exchanges with other cities.

scholarly journals Analysis of an M/G/1 Stochastic Clearing Queue in a 3-Phase Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-384
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Zhang ◽  
Liwei Liu ◽  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Exponential Distributions ◽  
Variable Technique ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Time Length ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Sojourn Time Distribution

AbstractThis paper studies a single server M/G/1 stochastic clearing queue operating in a 3-phase environment, where the time length of the first and third phase are assumed to follow exponential distributions, and the time length of the second phase is a constant value. At the completion of phase 1, the system moves to phase 2, and after a fixed time length, the system turns to phase 3. At the end of phase 3, all present customers in the system are forced to leave the system, then the system moves to phase 1 and restarts a new service cycle. Using the supplementary variable technique, we obtain the distribution for the stationary queue at an arbitrary epoch. We also derive the sojourn time distribution and the length of the server’s working time in a cycle.

scholarly journals Pilot Results on Forward Collision Warning System Effectiveness in Older Drivers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Lester ◽  
Lauren N Sager ◽  
Jeffrey Dawson ◽  
Sarah D Hacker ◽  
Nazan Aksan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Forward Collision Warning ◽  
System Effectiveness

scholarly journals The effect of tongue-tie application on stress responses in resting horses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Marsh ◽  
Paul McGreevy ◽  
Susan Hazel ◽  
Luiz Santos ◽  
Michelle Hebart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses

AbstractTongue-ties (TT) are commonly applied to both Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses to increase control, by preventing them from getting their tongue over the bit, and as a conservative treatment for equine respiratory conditions, principally dorsal displacement of the soft palate. This study investigated responses to TT application in horses, at rest, using both behavioural (head-tossing, ear position, gaping and lip licking) and physiological (salivary cortisol concentrations, eye surface temperature and heart rate) indices. Twelve Standardbred horses (six of which were naïve to TT) were used in a randomised crossover design. The study comprised 3 phases; Phase 1 (Baseline), Phase 2 (Treatment), and Phase 3 (Recovery). At phase 2, tongue tie application (TTA) was performed using a rubber band that was looped around the tongue and secured to the mandible for 20 minutes. The control treatment (C) incorporated 30 secs of tongue manipulation, at the start of the 20 min, however no TT was applied. Behaviours (head-tossing, ear position, mouth gaping and lip-licking) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for the duration of the study and analysed in ten minute intervals. Salivary samples were taken at the end of each phase for subsequent cortisol assays and infrared thermography images were taken of each eye at 5-minute intervals. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS using linear mixed effects models and repeated measures general linear models, to determine differences between treatments and within treatments, over time. Compared to control, there was more head-tossing/shaking (p<0.001), gaping (p<0.001) and backwards ear position (p<0.001) and less forward ear position (p<0.001) during TTA, in Phase 2. Horses with previous experience of TT showed more head-tossing (p=0.040) and gaping (p=0.030) than naïve horses. Lip-licking was more frequent after TTA treatment than control, during Phase 3 (p<0.001). Salivary cortisol concentrations increased after TTA (1846.1pg/mL ± 478.3pg/mL vs 1253.6pg/mL ± 491.6pg/mL, p=0.047). Mean HR, and mean right and left eye temperature did not differ significantly between treatments in any phase (all p> 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the application of a tongue-tie causes changes to both behavioural and physiological parameters suggestive of a stress-related response. Further research is needed that will enable racing and sport horse regulatory bodies to make informed decisions about the appropriate use of tongue-ties in horses.

Clinical Drug Development for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Collaboration With the Pharmaceutical Industry and Regulatory Agencies

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Preclinical Testing ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Drug development is the entire process of introducing a new drug to the market. It involves drug discovery, screening, preclinical testing, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the US or a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU, phase 1–3 clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval, and postapproval studies required for continuing safety evaluation. Preclinical testing assesses safety and biologic activity, phase 1 determines safety and dosage, phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and phase 3 confirms efficacy and monitors adverse effects in a larger number of patients. Postapproval studies provide additional postmarketing data. On average, it takes 15 years from preclinical studies to regulatory approval by the FDA: about 3.5–6.5 years for preclinical, 1–1.5 years for phase 1, 2 years for phase 2, 3–3.5 years for phase 3, and 1.5–2.5 years for filing the NDA and completing the FDA review process. Of approximately 5000 compounds evaluated in preclinical studies, about 5 compounds enter clinical trials, and 1 compound is approved (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, 2011). Most drug development programs include approximately 35–40 phase 1 studies, 15 phase 2 studies, and 3–5 pivotal trials with more than 5000 patients enrolled. Thus, to produce safe and effective drugs in a regulated environment is a highly complex process. Against this backdrop, what is the best way to develop drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an orphan disease often rapidly fatal within several years of diagnosis and in which spontaneous regression does not occur?

scholarly journals How to improve emergency care to adults discharged within 24 hours? Acute Care planning in Emergency departments (The ACE study): a protocol of a participatory design study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e041743
Author(s):  
Christina Østervang ◽  
Annmarie Touborg Lassen ◽  
Charlotte Myhre Jensen ◽  
Elisabeth Coyne ◽  
Karin Brochstedt Dieperink
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Ace Study ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Improve Patient

IntroductionThe development of acute symptoms or changes in diseases led to feelings of fear and vulnerability and the need for health professional support. Therefore, the care provided in the acute medical and surgical areas of the emergency department (ED) is highly important as it influences the confidence of patients and families in managing everyday life after discharge. There is an increase in short-episode (<24 hours) hospital admissions, related to demographic changes and a focus on outpatient care. Clear discharge information and inclusion in treatment decisions increase the patient’s and family’s ability to understand and manage health needs after discharge, reduces the risk of readmission. This study aims to identify the needs for ED care and develop a solution to improve outcomes of patients discharged within 24 hours of admission.Methods and analysisThe study comprises the three phases of a participatory design (PD). Phase 1 aims to understand and identify patient and family needs when discharged within 24 hours of admission. A qualitative observational study will be conducted in two different EDs, followed by 20 joint interviews with patients and their families. Four focus group interviews with healthcare professionals will provide understanding of the short pathways. Findings from phase 1 will inform phase 2, which aims to develop a solution to improve patient outcomes. Three workshops gathering relevant stakeholders are arranged in the design plus development of a solution with specific outcomes. The solution will be implemented and tested in phase 3. Here we report the study protocol of phase 1 and 2.Ethics and disseminationThe study is registered with the Danish Data Protection Agency (19/22672). Approval of the project has been granted by the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-20192000–111). Findings will be published in suitable international journals and disseminated through conferences.

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