scholarly journals Cognitive Frailty: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Facal ◽  
Clara Burgo ◽  
Carlos Spuch ◽  
Pedro Gaspar ◽  
María Campos-Magdaleno
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Multicomponent Interventions ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes

This review article provides an update of the empirical research on cognitive fragility conducted in the last four years. The studies retrieved were classified in four different categories. The first category includes articles relating cognitive frailty to cognitive reserve and which continue to highlight the importance of educational level. The second category includes recent research on cognitive fragility biomarkers, involving neuroimaging, metabolism and, in a novel way, microbiota. The third category includes research on how cognitive frailty is related to motor development and physical functioning, exploring e.g. the use of technology to study motor markers of cognitive frailty. Finally, in the fourth category, research clarifying the difference between reversible frailty and potentially reversible cognitive frailty has led to new interventions aimed at reducing cognitive frailty and preventing negative health outcomes. Interventions based on physical activity and multicomponent interventions are particularly emphasized. In addition, recent research explores the long-term effects of dual interventions in older adults living in nursing homes. In summary, research on cognitive frailty has increased in recent years, and applied aspects have gained importance.

Comparison of soil CO2 emissions from three different tillage methods on chernozem soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Dencső ◽  
Ágota Horel ◽  
Zsófia Bakacsi ◽  
Eszter Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tillage Methods

<p>Tillage practices influence soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, hence many research investigate the long-term effects of conservation and conventional tillage methods e.g. ploughing and no-tillage on soil greenhouse gas emission.</p><p>The experiment site is an 18-years-old long-term tillage trial established on chernozem soil. During 2020, we took weekly CO<sub>2 </sub>emission measurements in the mouldboard ploughing (MP), no-tillage (NT), and shallow cultivation (SC) treatments Tillage depth was 26-30 cm, 12-16 cm and 0 cm in the cases of MP, SC and NT respectively. The experiment was under wither oat cultivation.</p><p>We investigated the similarity in the CO<sub>2</sub> emission trends of SC to MP or NT treatments. Besides CO<sub>2</sub> emission measurements, we also monitored environmental parameters such as soil temperature (Ts) and soil water content (SWC) in each treatment.</p><p>During the investigated year (2020 January - December) SC had higher annual mean CO<sub>2</sub> emission (0.115±0.083 mg m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) compared to MP (0.099±0.089 mg m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) and lower compared to NT (0.119±0.100 mg m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>). The difference of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions was significant between SC and MP (p<0.05); however, it was not significant between SC and NT (p>0.05) treatments. The Ts dependency of CO<sub>2</sub> emission was moderate in all treatments. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were moderately depended on SWC in MP and SC, and there was no correlation between these parameters in NT.</p><p>The annual mean CO<sub>2</sub> emission of the SC treatment was more similar to the NT, than to the MP treatment.</p>

scholarly journals Can aphids learn to cope with the pressure of endophytic fungi in their food plants?

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 333-336
Author(s):  
S.A. Härri ◽  
J. Krauss ◽  
C.B. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Life History Parameters ◽  
Strain Adaptation ◽  
The Difference

Plant-endophyte associations can have major impacts on the dynamics of consumer interaction-webs but long-term effects of mycotoxins and the ability of herbivores to adapt to these toxins have not been studied. To understand the potential of aphids to cope with mycotoxins, we compared the life-history parameters for aphids conditioned for several generations on endophyte-infected plants with those of endophyte-naïve aphids on both endophyteinfected and endophyte-free grasses. Aphids conditioned on endophyte-infected plants produced more offspring during the first days of adulthood than endophyte-naïve aphids independent of the endophyte infection of the test environment. However, the endophyte-conditioned aphids tended to have a shorter lifespan, which resulted in similar numbers of total offspring produced for endophyte-conditioned and endophyte-naïve aphids. The difference in life-history parameters caused by the conditioning environment suggests that the effects of endophytes on herbivore life-history traits may represent an adaptive change that should be considered in future studies of endophyte-herbivore interactions. Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, common strain, adaptation, long-term effects, microbes, endosymbionts, reproductive strategy, life-history traits

Short and long term effects of feeding supplements of oats, wheat and lupin grain on the production of ewes lambing in autumn

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (126) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
GB Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Difference

Four groups, each of about 40 Border Leicester x Merino ewes due to lamb in May, 1978, were held on bare ground and hand-fed poor quality hay, either alone or with oat, wheat or lupin grain at 270 g dry matter/head.d, from two weeks before until six weeks after lambing. A fifth group of ewes grazed separately on green pasture. After hand-feeding ceased in July 1978, ewes from all five groups grazed together and were re-joined with rams in November-December. Increases in wool production (90-230 g greasy fleece), milk production (9-23 ml/h) and growth of lambs (20-4 1 g/d) resulted from feeding supplements to the hay-fed ewes. Ewes fed oats and lupins performed best and, compared with those fed wheat, produced fewer fleeces with major faults (8 and 12% vs 29%, respectively) and less milk (58 and 62 ml/h vs 49 ml/h, respectively). At the end of hand-feeding, the ewes were 18-23 kg lighter than those that had been at pasture, but by the time joining took place in November-December, the difference was only 4-8 kg. Ewes fed hay alone mated 8-12 d later and lambed 5-9 d later (May 1979) than ewes in all other groups. Also, 6% of the ewes fed lupins or allowed to graze pasture during lambing in 1978 were barren in 1979, compared with 25% of barren ewes in all other treatments. It was concluded that wheat, in contrast to lupins and oats, was an inadequate supplement for lambing ewes consuming only low quality roughage.

Early Response in Albuminuria and Long-Term Kidney Protection during Treatment with an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist: A Prespecified Analysis from the SONAR Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2021030391
Author(s):  
Hiddo Heerspink ◽  
Di Xie ◽  
George Bakris ◽  
Ricardo Correa-Rotter ◽  
Fan-Fan Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease Stage ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Difference

Background Whether early reduction in albuminuria with atrasentan treatment predicts its longterm kidney protective effect is unknown. Methods To assess long-term effects on kidney outcomes of atrasentan versus placebo in the SONAR trial, we enrolled diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 2-4) and a urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) of 300 mg/g-5000 mg/g; participants were receiving maximum tolerated renin angiotensin system inhibition. After 6 weeks exposure to 0.75 mg/day atrasentan (enrichment period), participants were randomized (stratified by UACR response during enrichment, ranging from ≤60% to >0%) to continue atrasentan or transition to placebo. Primary kidney outcome was a composite of sustained serum creatinine doubling or end-stage kidney disease. Results UACR response to atrasentan during enrichment persisted throughout the double-blind treatment phase and predicted the primary kidney outcome, whereas UACR levels with placebo remained below pre-enrichment values in the two highest UACR response strata and exceeded pre-enrichment values in the two lowest strata. As a result, early UACR response to atrasentan during enrichment was also associated with the primary kidney outcome during placebo. Accordingly, the predictive effect of early albuminuria changes during atrasentan was eliminated after placebo correction, leading to a consistent relative risk reduction for the primary kidney outcome with atrasentan compared with placebo, irrespective of the initial UACR response. The difference between atrasentan and placebo in UACR during double-blind treatment was also consistent across UACR response strata. Conclusions Our findings do not support UACR response as a causal predictor of atrasentan's treatment effect. However, because of UACR's variable trajectory with placebo, aspects of the trial design, day-to-day variability in albuminuria, and potential long-lasting effects of atrasentan may have contributed.

Correlation of cognitive disorders and catecholamine excretion in anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
pp. 675-681
Author(s):  
Marina Stanislavovna Artemieva Marina Stanislavovna Artemieva ◽  
Boris Dmitrievich Tsygankov ◽  
Roman Aleksandrovich Suleymanov ◽  
Ivan Evgenievich Danilin ◽  
Aleksandr Romanovich Arseniev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Medical Psychology ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prolonged Abstinence

The article presents the analysis of correlation and dynamics of clinical and psychophysiological characteristics of the long-term effects of long-lasting abstinence from food on the example of 500 women with anorexia nervosa (AN), who applied for help to the Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, FSAEI HE Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia in 1989-2017. The adverse effects of prolonged abstinence from food are shown; the indicators of catecholamine excretion (dopamine, adrenaline, norepinephrine), encephalography data, mental performance and memory of those examined at various stages of AN weight loss and gain were studied. The difference in the excretion of catecholamines in AN and psychogenic vomiting, which can be used for differential diagnosis, was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Long-Term Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men Attenuates Age-Related Decline in Aerobic Capacity

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2861-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinna Traustadóttir ◽  
S Mitchell Harman ◽  
Panayiotis Tsitouras ◽  
Karol M Pencina ◽  
Zhuoying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Context Testosterone increases skeletal muscle mass and strength, but long-term effects of testosterone supplementation on aerobic capacity, or peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), in healthy older men with low testosterone have not been evaluated. Objective To determine the effects of testosterone supplementation on V̇O2peak during incremental cycle ergometry. Design A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial (Testosterone’s Effects on Atherosclerosis Progression in Aging Men). Setting Exercise physiology laboratory. Participants Healthy men aged ≥ 60 years with total testosterone levels of 100 to 400 ng/dL (3.5 to 13.9 nmol/L) or free testosterone levels < 50 pg/mL (174 pmol/L). Interventions Randomization to 1% transdermal testosterone gel adjusted to achieve serum levels of 500 to 950 ng/dL or placebo applied daily for 3 years. Main Outcome Measures Change in V̇O2peak. Results Mean (±SD) baseline V̇O2peak was 24.2 ± 5.2 and 23.6 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min for testosterone and placebo, respectively. V̇O2peak did not change in men treated with testosterone but fell significantly in men receiving placebo (average 3-year decrease, 0.88 mL/kg/min; 95% CI, −1.39 to 0.38 mL/kg/min; P = 0.035); the difference in change in V̇O2peak between groups was significant (average 3-year difference, 0.91 mL/kg/min; 95% CI, 0.010 to 0.122 mL/kg/min; P = 0.008). The 1-g/dL mean increase in hemoglobin (P < 0.001) was significantly associated with changes in V̇O2peak in testosterone-treated men. Conclusion The mean 3-year change in V̇O2peak was significantly smaller in men treated with testosterone than in men receiving placebo and was associated with increases in hemoglobin. The difference in V̇O2peak change between groups may indicate attenuation of its expected age-related decline; the clinical meaningfulness of the modest treatment effect remains to be determined.

Electoral Continuity and Change in South Korea since Democratization

Asian Survey ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Jae Hyeok Shin ◽  
Hojun Lee ◽  
Suk Jae Hur
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Party System ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Difference

The literature on South Korean elections has shown that voters’ region, ideology, and generation shape their preferences at the polls. Few studies, however, have investigated the long-term effects of these variables or the difference in the effects of ideology and generation between regions. In this article, we generate theoretical expectations of Korean voters’ voting behavior, analyzing cleavage structures in the party system since democratization, and we then examine the interactive effects of region with ideology and generation across voters from Gyeongsang and Jeolla, in six presidential elections from 1992 to 2017. We find that ideology and generation have stronger effects among Gyeongsang voters than among Jeolla voters. To be specific, ideology and generation often divide Gyeongsang voters, especially when the Democratic Party nominates a presidential candidate from Gyeongsang; Jeolla voters are more homogeneous in their support for the party, regardless of their ideology and generation.

Analysis of Pain Resolution after Surgical Resection of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformations

Neurosurgery ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Kim ◽  
Jeffrey D. Klopfenstein ◽  
Joseph M. Zabramski ◽  
Volker K.H. Sonntag ◽  
Robert F. Spetzler
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Preoperative Pain ◽  
Intramedullary Spinal Cord ◽  
Cavernous Malformations ◽  
Pain Status ◽  
Pain Outcomes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pain Symptoms

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the short- and long-term effects of surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations on preoperative pain. METHODS: Between 1988 and 2003, 53 intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations were surgically managed. A retrospective analysis of this cohort revealed 23 (43%) patients who presented with pain as a clinically relevant feature. Long-term evaluation of pain outcomes was available in 21 patients. Pain outcomes were characterized as improved, unchanged, or worse compared with preoperative and immediate postoperative status. RESULTS: Seven patients presented with radiculopathy, 12 with central pain, and four with both. Immediately after surgery, pain symptoms improved in 18 (78%) patients, were unchanged in 5 (22%), and were worse in none compared with the patients' preoperative status (n = 23). During the follow-up period, 11 (52%) patients improved, nine (43%) remained at their preoperative baseline, and one (5%) was worse compared with their preoperative levels of pain. The difference in postoperative and long-term pain status was statistically significant (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: The surgical efficacy for improving pain related to intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations may be worse than implied in the literature. Although pain relief immediately after surgery is good, we found that recurrence is common and that only approximately 50% of patients report long-term benefit. Despite the significant limitations of this retrospective study, these data may serve as a guide when counseling patients preoperatively to help them to maintain realistic expectations about outcomes.

Exercise Interventions in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Neudecker ◽  
Nadine Mewes ◽  
Anne K. Reimers ◽  
Alexander Woll
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology

Objective: Exercise has attracted attention as a potential helpful intervention in children with ADHD. Effects are emphasized on cognition, social-emotional, and motor development. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ERIC to analyze the efficacy of different types of exercise interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD. Seven studies examining the acute and 14 studies examining the long-term effects were included. Results: The largest effects were reported for mixed exercise programs on ADHD symptomatology and fine motor precision. However, because of the large differences in the study designs, the comparability is limited. Conclusion: At this time, no evidence-based recommendation can be formulated regarding frequency, intensity, or duration of exercise. Nevertheless, some first trends regarding the effects of certain types of exercise can be identified. When focusing on long-term health benefits in children and adolescents with ADHD, qualitative exercise characteristics might play an important role.

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