scholarly journals The Terms of “You(s)”: How the Term of Address Used by Conversational Agents Influences User Evaluations in French and German Linguaculture

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ollier ◽  
Marcia Nißen ◽  
Florian von Wangenheim
Keyword(s):  
Digital Health ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
User Evaluation ◽  
Conversational Agents ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Evaluation Scores ◽  
User Evaluations ◽  
And Gender

Background: Conversational agents (CAs) are a novel approach to delivering digital health interventions. In human interactions, terms of address often change depending on the context or relationship between interlocutors. In many languages, this encompasses T/V distinction—formal and informal forms of the second-person pronoun “You”—that conveys different levels of familiarity. Yet, few research articles have examined whether CAs' use of T/V distinction across language contexts affects users' evaluations of digital health applications.Methods: In an online experiment (N = 284), we manipulated a public health CA prototype to use either informal or formal T/V distinction forms in French (“tu” vs. “vous”) and German (“du” vs. “Sie”) language settings. A MANCOVA and post-hoc tests were performed to examine the effects of the independent variables (i.e., T/V distinction and Language) and the moderating role of users' demographic profile (i.e., Age and Gender) on eleven user evaluation variables. These were related to four themes: (i) Sociability, (ii) CA-User Collaboration, (iii) Service Evaluation, and (iv) Behavioral Intentions.Results: Results showed a four-way interaction between T/V Distinction, Language, Age, and Gender, influencing user evaluations across all outcome themes. For French speakers, when the informal “T form” (“Tu”) was used, higher user evaluation scores were generated for younger women and older men (e.g., the CA felt more humanlike or individuals were more likely to recommend the CA), whereas when the formal “V form” (“Vous”) was used, higher user evaluation scores were generated for younger men and older women. For German speakers, when the informal T form (“Du”) was used, younger users' evaluations were comparable regardless of Gender, however, as individuals' Age increased, the use of “Du” resulted in lower user evaluation scores, with this effect more pronounced in men. When using the formal V form (“Sie”), user evaluation scores were relatively stable, regardless of Gender, and only increasing slightly with Age.Conclusions: Results highlight how user CA evaluations vary based on the T/V distinction used and language setting, however, that even within a culturally homogenous language group, evaluations vary based on user demographics, thus highlighting the importance of personalizing CA language.

Influence of age and gender on cardiac output-V˙o 2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Proctor ◽  
Kenneth C. Beck ◽  
Peter H. Shen ◽  
Tamara J. Eickhoff ◽  
John R. Halliwill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Leg Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
And Gender

Proctor, David N., Kenneth C. Beck, Peter H. Shen, Tamara J. Eickhoff, John R. Halliwill, and Michael J. Joyner. Influence of age and gender on cardiac output-V˙o 2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 599–605, 1998.—It is presently unclear how gender, aging, and physical activity status interact to determine the magnitude of the rise in cardiac output (Q˙c) during dynamic exercise. To clarify this issue, the present study examined theQ˙c-O2 uptake (V˙o 2) relationship during graded leg cycle ergometry in 30 chronically endurance-trained subjects from four groups ( n = 6–8/group): younger men (20–30 yr), older men (56–72 yr), younger women (24–31 yr), and older women (51–72 yr). Q˙c (acetylene rebreathing), stroke volume (Q˙c/heart rate), and whole bodyV˙o 2 were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise intensities (40, 70, and ∼90% of peakV˙o 2). Baseline resting levels of Q˙c were 0.6–1.2 l/min less in the older groups. However, the slopes of theQ˙c-V˙o 2relationship across submaximal levels of cycling were similar among all four groups (5.4–5.9 l/l). The absolute Q˙c associated with a given V˙o 2(1.0–2.0 l/min) was also similar among groups. Resting and exercise stroke volumes (ml/beat) were lower in women than in men but did not differ among age groups. However, older men and women showed a reduced ability, relative to their younger counterparts, to maintain stroke volume at exercise intensities above 70% of peakV˙o 2. This latter effect was most prominent in the oldest women. These findings suggest that neither age nor gender has a significant impact on theQ˙c-V˙o 2relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry among chronically endurance-trained individuals.

Influences of age and gender on human thermoregulatory responses to cold exposures

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Wagner ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
And Gender

To delineate age- and gender-related differences in physiological responses to cold exposure, men and women between the ages of 20 and 29 yr and 51 and 72 yr, wearing minimal clothing, were exposed at rest for 2 h to 28, 20, 15, and 10 degrees C room temperatures with 40% relative humidity. During the coldest exposure, the rates of increase in metabolic rate (W X m-2 or ml X kg lean body mass-1 X min-1 were similar for all groups. However, older women (n = 7) may have benefited from a larger (P less than 0.05) early metabolic (M) increase (40% within 15 min) than young men (18%) (n = 10), young women (5%) (n = 10), or older men (5%) (n = 10). A similar rapid M response in older women occurred during the 15 degrees C exposure. During all cold exposures, older women maintained constant rectal temperature (Tre) and young women maintained Tre only during the 20 degrees C exposures, whereas Tre of the men declined during all cold exposures (P less than 0.01). Changes in Tre and mean skin temperature (Ts) during cold exposure were largely related to body fat, although age and surface area/mass modified the changes in men. The data suggest that older men are more susceptible to cold ambients than younger people, since they did not prevent a further decline in their initially relatively low Tre. Despite greater insulation from body fat, the older women maintained a constant Tre at greater metabolic cost than men or younger women.

scholarly journals Impact of age and gender on in-hospital and late mortality after acute myocardial infarction: increased early risk in younger women

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabassome Simon ◽  
Murielle Mary-Krause ◽  
Jean-Pierre Cambou ◽  
Guy Hanania ◽  
Pascal Guéret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Late Mortality ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The Who and When of Worry: The Fading Impact of Gender on Worry and Anxiety Severity Among Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 372-372
Author(s):  
Katie Granier ◽  
Rebecca Ingram ◽  
Daniel Segal
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Introduction. This study examined the influence of age and gender on diverse worry constructs and overall anxiety among younger (age 18-30) and older (age 65+) adults. Methods. 411 participants (311 younger, 100 older adults; 77.1% female) completed the PSWQ, BMWS, WDQ, and GAS online. Results. Among a series of 2x2 between-subjects ANOVAs, significant interaction effects between age and gender were found among all worry and anxiety measures. Specifically, there was a significant interaction effect on worry severity as measured by the PSWQ (F[1, 393]=4.28, p<.05), the WDQ (F[1, 397]=8.42, p<.01) and the BMWS (F[1, 396]=10.41, p<.01). Gender had a larger impact on worry among younger adults than older, though both age groups showed similar patterns of women reporting greater worry than men. Though both younger and older adults showed a gender difference in worry severity, this difference was mitigated by late life. There was also an interaction effect on anxiety (GAS total) in that younger women reported greater anxiety than younger men but older adults reported similar anxiety across genders, F(1, 384)=9.78, p<.01. Simple main effects analysis showed that younger women scored higher than older women on all measures of worry and anxiety, whereas younger men scored higher than older men on the PSWQ and WDQ but not the BMWS or GAS. Discussion. Consistent with previous literature, women reported greater worry and anxiety than men. However, this difference was mitigated and even extinguished among some measures in older adults. Possible explanations are discussed.

Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL H. KRAMER ◽  
KRISTINE YAFFE ◽  
JEANNE LENGENFELDER ◽  
DEAN C. DELIS
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions

Age and gender effects on verbal episodic memory are well established. However, the possibility of interactions between age and gender has been raised by studies linking estrogen and verbal memory performance, and by research suggesting gender differences in age-related cortical atrophy. We evaluated whether age by gender interactions in verbal memory were present. Subjects within three years of the median age of menopause were excluded from a large cohort of normal subjects, resulting in a younger sample (16–47 years) of 288 men and 285 women, and an older sample (55–89 years) of 201 men and 245 women. All subjects were administered the CVLT-2, a multiple-trial list-learning task. Verbal memory was negatively correlated with age for younger men, older men, and older women, but not for younger women. Multivariate analyses indicated age by gender interactions on memory for the younger group but not the older group. Results indicate that verbal memory declines with age for younger men but not younger women, whereas both older men and older women show age-related declines. These findings are consistent with hypotheses linking estrogen and verbal memory performance, and with imaging data suggesting that age-related hippocampal atrophy is found in younger men but not younger women. The role of estrogen on cognition in normal aging warrants further study. (JINS, 2003, 9, 97–102.)

scholarly journals Professor Age and Gender Affect Student Perceptions and Grades

2015 ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Shauna Joye ◽  
Janie H Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Student Evaluations ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Female Relative ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
And Gender

Student evaluations provide rich information about teaching performance, but a number of factors beyond teacher effectiveness influence student evaluations. In this study we examined the effects of professor gender and perceived age on ratings of effectiveness and rapport as well as academic performance. Participants (N = 308) saw a picture of either a young or old male or female professor while listening to an audio lecture. Students reported greater perceived rapport with the female relative to the male professors and for younger versus older professors. However, students reported the male professors as more competent than the female professors. An interaction revealed that among female professors only, younger women were rated higher on rapport than comparison conditions. Thus, age and gender bias likely impact student evaluations of teaching. Our study also revealed higher quiz grades in the older-female condition, perhaps best explained by the older woman activating a schema for “mom.” Taken together, our results indicate that professor competence and kindness may foster learning best in the context of high expectations.

scholarly journals Partner preference and age: User's mating behavior in online dating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marketa Setinova ◽  
Renáta Topinková
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women’S Preferences

Objective: We test whether real online-user mating behavior corresponds with expectations from both the sociobiological and social perspectives and explore the age differentials that individuals opt for when searching for a mate and how this evolves relative to the user’s age and gender. Background: Age plays a vital role in partner choice. Previous studies have focused primarily on age differences between couples and their self-reported preferences for partners of a certain age. However, little is known about how age affects behavior in the online dating market. Method: We use behavioral data from a Czech online dating app, Pinkilin and analyze 197,519 invitations that users sent to each other in July 2017. Results: Men strongly prefer young women, and women prefer partners of their age or slightly older. At older ages, men’s preference for younger women widens, while women's preferences become more diverse. Homogamous tendencies are stronger among younger users and women. Conclusion: Overall, our results corroborate those of previous research on online dating, but we extend this research in terms of age differences in the Czech context.

Victimization and Fear of Crime

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Weinrath ◽  
John Gartrell
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Victimization Surveys ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
And Gender

Victimization has generally been associated with increased fear of crime. Analysis of two very large victimization surveys completed in the Canadian city of Edmonton, Alberta, explores the ways in which age and gender condition the experience of different types of victimization. While younger women were sensitized by assault (current or prior), older women appeared to be desensitized by similar victimization.

Osteoporosis Health Beliefs Among Younger and Older Men and Women

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shanthi Johnson ◽  
William McLeod ◽  
Laura Kennedy ◽  
Katherine McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Health Motivation ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Perceived Seriousness ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

The purpose of this study was to compare osteoporosis health beliefs among different age and gender groups. This study used a cross-sectional design, involved 300 participants that represent both genders and three age groups (18 to 25, 30 to 50, and 50-plus), and assessed osteoporosis health beliefs using the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS). Factor analysis revealed three subscales of OHBS: perceived susceptibility, seriousness of the condition, and health motivation to take preventative actions with acceptable levels of reliability. Significant age and gender differences were observed in the susceptibility scores of the OHBS. The perceived seriousness of the osteoporosis scores was similar across all age and gender groups, as was health motivation. These results highlight the need for osteoporosis awareness programs targeting different aspects of belief perceptions, specifically for younger women and men.

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