scholarly journals Investigating the Health Effects of 3 Coexisting Tobacco-Related Products Using System Dynamics Population Modeling: An Italian Population Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar M. Camacho ◽  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Stacy Fiebelkorn ◽  
Aaron Williams ◽  
James Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Life Years Lost

With the proliferation of tobacco products, there might be a need for more complex models than current two-product models. We have developed a three-product model able to represent interactions between three products in the marketplace. We also investigate if using several implementations of two-product models could provide sufficient information to assess 3 coexisting products. Italy is used as case-study with THPs and e-cigarettes as the products under investigation. We use transitions rates estimated for THPs in Japan and e-cigarettes in the USA to project what could happen if the Italian population were to behave as the Japanese for THP or USA for e-cigarettes. Results suggest that three-product models may be hindered by data availability while two product models could miss potential synergies between products. Both, THP and E-Cigarette scenarios, led to reduction in life-years lost although the Japanese THP scenario reductions were 3 times larger than the USA e-cigarette projections.

scholarly journals Investigating the health effects of 3 coexisting tobacco and nicotine products using system dynamics population modeling: An Italian population case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar M Camacho ◽  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Stacy Fiebelkorn ◽  
Aaron Williams ◽  
James J Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Life Years Lost

AbstractWith the proliferation of tobacco and nicotine products, there might be a need for more complex models than current two-product models. We have developed a three-product model able to represent interactions between 3 products in the marketplace. We also investigate if using several implementations of two-product models could provide sufficient information to assess 3 coexisting products. Italy is used as case-study with THPs and e-cigarettes as the products under investigation. We use transitions rates estimated for THPs in Japan and e-cigarettes in the USA to project what could happen if the Italian population were to behave as the Japanese for THP or USA for e-cigarettes. Results suggest that three-product models may be hindered by data availability while two product models could miss potential synergies between products. Both, THP and E-Cigarette scenarios, led to reduction in life-years lost although the Japanese THP scenario reductions were 3 times larger than the USA e-cigarette projections.

Conceptual Design Using Generic Object Inheritance

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Johansson ◽  
Henric Andersson ◽  
Petter Krus
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Business Jet ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
The Impact

Conceptual design for complex products like aircraft and power plants requires a considerable effort since the product models become very large if they are to cover all important aspects for different stakeholders. To cope with this overall effort, designers have to rely on legacy designs and reuse, and improve the product concepts incrementally between product generations. This paper describes a generalized inheritance mechanism we call generic object inheritance that enables quick reuse and modification of conceptual product models at any level in their hierarchical break down structures. By facilitating reuse of conceptual models of previously well studied products, more time can be spent on developing the parts that contain the edge of a new product generation. This enables keeping the modified concepts in context of a complete analyzable product model where the impact of changes can be studied without having to maintain multiple copies of the same object structures. The paper describes how generic object inheritance is used for developing the next version of a conceptual product model of a small business jet, while reusing the essential parts of the previous version with minor modifications to design parameters and substructures. The design and core mechanisms of generic object inheritance are briefly described, and illustrated with examples from the case study.

Incidence and Costs of Personal and Property Crimes in the USA, 2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Ted R. Miller ◽  
Mark A. Cohen ◽  
David I. Swedler ◽  
Bina Ali ◽  
Delia V. Hendrie
Keyword(s):  
Physical Assault ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Road Crash ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Life Years Lost

Abstract Total cost estimates for crime in the USA are both out-of-date and incomplete. We estimated incidence and costs of personal crimes (both violent and non-violent) and property crimes in 2017. Incidence came from national arrest data, multi-state estimates of police-reported crimes per arrest, national victimization and road crash surveys, and police underreporting studies. We updated and expanded upon published unit costs. Estimated crime costs totaled $2.6 trillion ($620 billion in monetary costs plus quality of life losses valued at $1.95 trillion; 95 % uncertainty interval $2.2–$3.0 trillion). Violent crime accounted for 85 % of costs. Principal contributors to the 10.9 million quality-adjusted life years lost were sexual violence, physical assault/robbery, and child maltreatment. Monetary expenditures caused by criminal victimization represent 3 % of Gross Domestic Product – equivalent to the amount spent on national defense. These estimates exclude the additional costs of preventing and avoiding crime such as enhanced lighting and burglar alarms. They also exclude crimes against businesses and most white-collar and corporate offenses.

Towards a Specification for a Product Model to Assist the Design of Injection Moulds

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Morano ◽  
Vicente Borja ◽  
Marcelo López ◽  
Álvaro Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Concurrent Design ◽  
Product Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
Data Requirements

Abstract Product models come from the analysis of the data requirements to support the design and manufacture of products. These models are implemented in databases aimed at providing information to software applications that assist the concurrent design of products. This paper presents the requirements of a data model driven software system to aid the design of injection moulds and analyses two product models which were developed in different contexts but capable of representing injection moulded parts and moulds. A case study is used to show the application of each one of the models selected. Finally, some conclusions of the analysis are drawn in order to set the foundation of a new model.

ExProMod, a Product Development Support Tool

2008 ◽  
Vol 44-46 ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Ding ◽  
Jason Matthews ◽  
C. McMahon ◽  
Glen Mullineux
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Development Support ◽  
Design And Manufacture

The initial investigations are presented into three equipment design and manufacture companies, and their issues relating to information loss and inaccuracies, and present the employment of an extended product model framework to assist the engineers in overcoming the issues identified. Three key scientific issues in this field are addressed. They are the customer driven goals and practices, design change capture and product models, and the methodology employed to answer the problem stated. The information generated during the service engineer’s visit and the redesign process is encapsulated within a new ExProMod, so that it could potentially be revisited and retrieved throughout the whole product life. A case study has shown that the proposed ExProMod is able to record the information generated in a constraint-based design/redesign so that it has the capability to assist the designers to assimilate and digest constraint-based design, assist the designers to assimilate and digest constraint-based design, offer information management benefits for the machine redesign in the industry, and Presents a tool to capture redesign changes and their respective rationale. In addition, the directions for future research are also prospected.

Towards a Product Model for Virtual Prototyping

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Henson ◽  
Neal P. Juster ◽  
Alan de Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Virtual Prototyping ◽  
Product Introduction ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Geometric Information ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Geometric Representations ◽  
Virtual Prototypes

Abstract Most virtual prototypes used within the domain of mechanical engineering are well defined geometric representations loosely linked to analysis packages. By taking a holistic, top-down view of the product introduction process this paper argues that virtual prototypes should be based upon product models that allow for the representation of more than just geometric information. A methodology based upon the reference model for open distributed processing is presented that simplifies the task of deciding what information should be supported. The paper argues that virtual prototypes should use product models that integrate the representation of the geometry, function and behaviour of a product. A case study is presented to show how experimental virtual prototyping software, based on such a product model, can aid the product introduction process.

Identifying Public Health Problems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burris ◽  
Micah L. Berman ◽  
Matthew Penn, and ◽  
Tara Ramanathan Holiday
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

scholarly journals The reasons women choose and stay in a geology major: a qualitative multi-case analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron E. Gray ◽  
Alexis T. Riche ◽  
Isabel J. Shinnick-Gordon ◽  
James C. Sample
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Introductory Classes ◽  
Iterative Coding ◽  
As Relationship

AbstractDespite earning half of all science and engineering undergraduate degrees between 2007 and 2016 in the USA, women were awarded only 39% of earth science degrees in the same time period. In order to better understand why women are both choosing and staying in geology programs, we conducted a multi-case study of nine current female undergraduate geology majors at a large public university in the USA within a department that is at gender parity among its undergraduate majors. The main data source was audio-recorded critical incident interviews of each participant. Data from the interviews were analyzed through an iterative coding process using codes adapted from previous studies that focused on factors both internal and external to the department. The students said that personal interests, influence by others outside of the department, and introductory classes attracted them to the geology program, but once declared, departmental factors such as relationship with faculty caused them to stay. We also found an emphasis on female role models, especially those teaching introductory courses. We believe this study offers important insights into the ways in which factors leading to recruitment and retention play out in the lived experiences of female geology majors.

scholarly journals Predictive Maintenance in Building Facilities: A Machine Learning-Based Approach

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Yassine Bouabdallaoui ◽  
Zoubeir Lafhaj ◽  
Pascal Yim ◽  
Laure Ducoulombier ◽  
Belkacem Bennadji
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Predictive Maintenance ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Iot Devices

The operation and maintenance of buildings has seen several advances in recent years. Multiple information and communication technology (ICT) solutions have been introduced to better manage building maintenance. However, maintenance practices in buildings remain less efficient and lead to significant energy waste. In this paper, a predictive maintenance framework based on machine learning techniques is proposed. This framework aims to provide guidelines to implement predictive maintenance for building installations. The framework is organised into five steps: data collection, data processing, model development, fault notification and model improvement. A sport facility was selected as a case study in this work to demonstrate the framework. Data were collected from different heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) installations using Internet of Things (IoT) devices and a building automation system (BAS). Then, a deep learning model was used to predict failures. The case study showed the potential of this framework to predict failures. However, multiple obstacles and barriers were observed related to data availability and feedback collection. The overall results of this paper can help to provide guidelines for scientists and practitioners to implement predictive maintenance approaches in buildings.

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