Incidence and Costs of Personal and Property Crimes in the USA, 2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Ted R. Miller ◽  
Mark A. Cohen ◽  
David I. Swedler ◽  
Bina Ali ◽  
Delia V. Hendrie
Keyword(s):  
Physical Assault ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Road Crash ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Life Years Lost

Abstract Total cost estimates for crime in the USA are both out-of-date and incomplete. We estimated incidence and costs of personal crimes (both violent and non-violent) and property crimes in 2017. Incidence came from national arrest data, multi-state estimates of police-reported crimes per arrest, national victimization and road crash surveys, and police underreporting studies. We updated and expanded upon published unit costs. Estimated crime costs totaled $2.6 trillion ($620 billion in monetary costs plus quality of life losses valued at $1.95 trillion; 95 % uncertainty interval $2.2–$3.0 trillion). Violent crime accounted for 85 % of costs. Principal contributors to the 10.9 million quality-adjusted life years lost were sexual violence, physical assault/robbery, and child maltreatment. Monetary expenditures caused by criminal victimization represent 3 % of Gross Domestic Product – equivalent to the amount spent on national defense. These estimates exclude the additional costs of preventing and avoiding crime such as enhanced lighting and burglar alarms. They also exclude crimes against businesses and most white-collar and corporate offenses.

Microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears for anogenital gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men is cost-effective: evidence from a modelling study

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolijn M Zwart ◽  
Marie-Josee J Mangen ◽  
Menne Bartelsman ◽  
Martijn S van Rooijen ◽  
Henry J C de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Sex With Men

ObjectiveTo assess the cost-effectiveness of three testing strategies with or without light microscopic Gram-stained smear (GSS) evaluation for the detection of anogenital gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men (MSM) at the Amsterdam STI clinic using a healthcare payer perspective.MethodsThree testing strategies for MSM were compared: (1) GSS in symptomatic MSM only (currently practised strategy), (2) no GSS and (3) GSS in symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM. The three testing protocols include testing with nucleic acid amplification test to verify the GSS results in (1) and (3), or as the only test in (2). A transmission model was employed to calculate the influence of the testing strategies on the prevalence of anogenital gonorrhoea over 10 years. An economic model combined cost data on medical consultations, tests and treatment and utility data to estimate the number of epididymitis cases and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) associated with gonorrhoea. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for the testing scenarios were estimated. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsNo GSS testing compared with GSS in symptomatic MSM only (current strategy) resulted in nine extra epididymitis cases (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 2–22), 72 QALYs lost (95% UI: 59–187) and €7300 additional costs (95% UI: −€185 000 (i.e.cost-saving) to €407 000) over 10 years. GSS testing in both symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM compared with GSS in symptomatic MSM only resulted in one prevented epididymitis case (95% UI: 0–2), 1.1 QALY gained (95% UI: 0.1–3.3), €148 000 additional costs (95% UI: €86 000 to–€217 000) and an ICER of €177 000 (95% UI: €67 000–to €705 000) per QALY gained over 10 years. The results were robust in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsGSS for symptomatic MSM only is cost-effective compared with no GSS for MSM and with GSS for both symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM.

scholarly journals Investigating the health effects of 3 coexisting tobacco and nicotine products using system dynamics population modeling: An Italian population case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar M Camacho ◽  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Stacy Fiebelkorn ◽  
Aaron Williams ◽  
James J Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Life Years Lost

AbstractWith the proliferation of tobacco and nicotine products, there might be a need for more complex models than current two-product models. We have developed a three-product model able to represent interactions between 3 products in the marketplace. We also investigate if using several implementations of two-product models could provide sufficient information to assess 3 coexisting products. Italy is used as case-study with THPs and e-cigarettes as the products under investigation. We use transitions rates estimated for THPs in Japan and e-cigarettes in the USA to project what could happen if the Italian population were to behave as the Japanese for THP or USA for e-cigarettes. Results suggest that three-product models may be hindered by data availability while two product models could miss potential synergies between products. Both, THP and E-Cigarette scenarios, led to reduction in life-years lost although the Japanese THP scenario reductions were 3 times larger than the USA e-cigarette projections.

scholarly journals The economic power of the Golden Rice opposition

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus Wesseler ◽  
David Zilberman
Keyword(s):  
Real Option ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Golden Rice ◽  
New Information ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Option Model ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Life Years Lost ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Perceived Costs

AbstractVitamin A enriched rice (Golden Rice) is a cost-efficient solution that can substantially reduce health costs. Despite Golden Rice being available since early 2000, this rice has not been introduced in any country. Governments must perceive additional costs that overcompensate the benefits of the technology to explain the delay in approval. We develop a real option model including irreversibility and uncertainty about perceived costs and arrival of new information to explain a delay in approval. The model has been applied to the case of India. Results show the annual perceived costs have to be at least US$199 million per year approximately for the last decade to explain the delay in approval of the technology. This is an indicator of the economic power of the opposition towards Golden Rice resulting in about 1.4 million life years lost over the past decade in India.

scholarly journals Investigating the Health Effects of 3 Coexisting Tobacco-Related Products Using System Dynamics Population Modeling: An Italian Population Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar M. Camacho ◽  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Stacy Fiebelkorn ◽  
Aaron Williams ◽  
James Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Data Availability ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Product Models ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Life Years Lost

With the proliferation of tobacco products, there might be a need for more complex models than current two-product models. We have developed a three-product model able to represent interactions between three products in the marketplace. We also investigate if using several implementations of two-product models could provide sufficient information to assess 3 coexisting products. Italy is used as case-study with THPs and e-cigarettes as the products under investigation. We use transitions rates estimated for THPs in Japan and e-cigarettes in the USA to project what could happen if the Italian population were to behave as the Japanese for THP or USA for e-cigarettes. Results suggest that three-product models may be hindered by data availability while two product models could miss potential synergies between products. Both, THP and E-Cigarette scenarios, led to reduction in life-years lost although the Japanese THP scenario reductions were 3 times larger than the USA e-cigarette projections.

scholarly journals Burden of Stroke in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-51
Author(s):  
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian ◽  
Yee Mon Khine ◽  
Ohnmar Ohnmar ◽  
Myat Po Po Kyaw Khin ◽  
Min Thit Win
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Stroke Units ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Life Years Lost ◽  
Standardized Mortality Rate ◽  
Age And Sex

Myanmar is home to over 51 million people. The age- and sex-standardized mortality rate due to stroke is 165.4/100,000, while the rate of age- and sex-standardized disability-adjusted life years lost due to stroke is 2971.3/100,000. The prevalence of stroke among adults aged 40–99 years is 1.5%. Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and comprises 20% of the neurological workload. There are only 10 stroke units in the whole country. Doctors are aware of the importance of hypertension in stroke prevention and the need for physiotherapy after stroke, but, until recently and in rural areas, they also tend to use steroids and neuroprotectants, and lower blood pressure aggressively acutely after stroke; antiplatelets are not widely used. Thrombolysis service is available at some tertiary centers but mechanical thrombectomy is not yet available.

Public health impact of a US ban on menthol in cigarettes and cigars: a simulation study

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056604
Author(s):  
David T Levy ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
Zhe Yuan ◽  
Yameng Li ◽  
Christopher Cadham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Expert Elicitation ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Public Health Impact ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost

IntroductionThe US Food and Drug Administration most recently announced its intention to ban menthol cigarettes and cigars nationwide in April 2021. Implementation of the ban will require evidence that it would improve public health. This paper simulates the potential public health impact of a ban on menthol in cigarettes and cigars through its impacts on smoking initiation, smoking cessation and switching to nicotine vaping products (NVPs).MethodsAfter calibrating an established US simulation model to reflect recent use trends in cigarette and NVP use, we extended the model to incorporate menthol and non-menthol cigarette use under a status quo scenario. Applying estimates from a recent expert elicitation on the behavioural impacts of a menthol ban, we developed a menthol ban scenario with the ban starting in 2021. We estimated the public health impact as the difference between smoking and vaping-attributable deaths and life-years lost in the status quo scenario and the menthol ban scenario from 2021 to 2060.ResultsAs a result of the ban, overall smoking was estimated to decline by 15% as early as 2026 due to menthol smokers quitting both NVP and combustible use or switching to NVPs. These transitions are projected to reduce cumulative smoking and vaping-attributable deaths from 2021 to 2060 by 5% (650 000 in total) and reduce life-years lost by 8.8% (11.3 million). Sensitivity analyses showed appreciable public health benefits across different parameter specifications.Conclusions and relevanceOur findings strongly support the implementation of a ban on menthol in cigarettes and cigars.

scholarly journals Implications of Brexit on the effectiveness of the UK soft drinks industry levy upon CHD in England: a modelling study

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 3431-3439
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Seferidi ◽  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard ◽  
Maria Guzman-Castillo ◽  
Brendan Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Policy ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Sugar Price ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Economic Circumstance ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

AbstractObjectiveAn industry levy on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) was implemented in the UK in 2018. One year later, Brexit is likely to change the UK trade regime with potential implications for sugar price. We modelled the effect of potential changes in sugar price due to Brexit on SSB levy impacts upon CHD mortality and inequalities.DesignWe modelled a baseline SSB levy scenario; an SSB levy under ‘soft’ Brexit, where the UK establishes a free trading agreement with the EU; and an SSB levy under ‘hard’ Brexit, in which World Trade Organization tariffs are applied. We used the previously validated IMPACT Food Policy model and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to estimate the effect of each scenario on CHD deaths prevented or postponed and life-years gained, stratified by age, sex and socio-economic circumstance, in 2021.SettingEngland.SubjectsAdults aged 25 years or older.ResultsThe SSB levy was associated with approximately 370 (95 % uncertainty interval 220, 560) fewer CHD deaths and 4490 (2690, 6710) life-years gained in 2021. Associated reductions in CHD mortality were 4 and 8 % greater under ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ Brexit scenarios, respectively. The SSB levy was associated with approximately 110 (50, 190) fewer CHD deaths in the most deprived quintile compared with 60 (20, 100) in the most affluent, under ‘hard’ Brexit.ConclusionsOur study found the SSB levy resilient to potential effects of Brexit upon sugar price. Even under ‘hard’ Brexit, the SSB levy would yield benefits for CHD mortality and inequalities. Brexit negotiations should deliver a fiscal and regulatory environment which promotes population health.

Cause-specific life years lost among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: Is it getting better or worse?

2019 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Munk Laursen ◽  
Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽  
Per Kragh Andersen ◽  
John J. McGrath ◽  
Anita Toender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost

Restricting tobacco sales to only pharmacies combined with cessation advice: a modelling study of the future smoking prevalence, health and cost impacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederieke S Petrović-van der Deen ◽  
Tony Blakely ◽  
Giorgi Kvizhinadze ◽  
Christine L Cleghorn ◽  
Linda J Cobiac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Tobacco Endgame

ObjectiveRestricting tobacco sales to pharmacies only, including the provision of cessation advice, has been suggested as a potential measure to hasten progress towards the tobacco endgame. We aimed to quantify the impacts of this hypothetical intervention package on future smoking prevalence, population health and health system costs for a country with an endgame goal: New Zealand (NZ).MethodsWe used two peer-reviewed simulation models: 1) a dynamic population forecasting model for smoking prevalence and 2) a closed cohort multi-state life-table model for future health gains and costs by sex, age and ethnicity. Greater costs due to increased travel distances to purchase tobacco were treated as an increase in the price of tobacco. Annual cessation rates were multiplied with the effect size for brief opportunistic cessation advice on sustained smoking abstinence.ResultsThe intervention package was associated with a reduction in future smoking prevalence, such that by 2025 prevalence was 17.3%/6.8% for Māori (Indigenous)/non-Māori compared to 20.5%/8.1% projected under no intervention. The measure was furthermore estimated to accrue 41 700 discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 33 500 to 51 600) over the remainder of the 2011 NZ population’s lives. Of these QALYs gained, 74% were due to the provision of cessation advice over and above the limiting of sales to pharmacies.ConclusionsThis work provides modelling-level evidence that the package of restricting tobacco sales to only pharmacies combined with cessation advice in these settings can accelerate progress towards the tobacco endgame, and achieve large population health benefits and cost-savings.

Life Years Lost

2013 ◽  
pp. 1152-1152
Author(s):  
Jamil A. Malik ◽  
Theresa A. Morgan ◽  
Falk Kiefer ◽  
Mustafa Al’Absi ◽  
Anna C. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost
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