scholarly journals Using Twitter Data for the Study of Language Change in Low-Resource Languages. A Panel Study of Relative Pronouns in Frisian

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelske Dijkstra ◽  
Wilbert Heeringa ◽  
Lysbeth Jongbloed-Faber ◽  
Hans Van de Velde
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
North West ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
The North ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
Relative Pronouns

This paper investigates the usability of Twitter as a resource for the study of language change in progress in low-resource languages. It is a panel study of a vigorous change in progress, the loss of final t in four relative pronouns (dy't, dêr't, wêr't, wa't) in Frisian, a language spoken by ± 450,000 speakers in the north-west of the Netherlands. This paper deals with the issues encountered in retrieving and analyzing tweets in low-resource languages, in the analysis of low-frequency variables, and in gathering background information on Twitterers. In this panel study we were able to identify and track 159 individual Twitterers, whose Frisian (and Dutch) tweets posted in the era 2010–2019 were collected. Nevertheless, a solid analysis of the sociolinguistic factors in this language change in progress was hampered by unequal age distributions among the Twitterers, the fact that the youngest birth cohorts have given up Twitter almost completely after 2014 and that the variables have a low frequency and are unequally spread over Twitterers.

Mechanisms for nitrogen supply to the Australian North West Shelf

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Holloway ◽  
SE Humphries ◽  
M Atkinson ◽  
J Imberger
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Tidal Flow ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
North West ◽  
Tidal Motion ◽  
The North

An upper bound for the rate of supply of new nitrate required to maintain the observed primary production on the North West Shelf is estimated to be 0.1 g N m-2 day -1. Nitrate concentrations over the shelf and slope regions are high ( > 100 mg N m-3, in water deeper than - 100 m and usually low (~10 mg N m-3), on the shelf. River flow is weak and carries little nutrient into the shelf waters and so it remains for ocean physical processes to advect and mix the nutrient-rich deep waters onto the shallower shelf regions to meet the nutrient demand. Several mechanisms are reviewed to determine their potential in carrying out the required transport processes. Estimates of the advection of nitrate onto the shelf show that both semi-diurnal tidal flow and low-frequency (periods > 35 h) upwelling events can each contribute approximately half the required demand, providing there is rapid use of nutrients. The upwelling events occur in summer and are associated with reversals of the south-west-flowing Leeuwin Current. Tropical cyclones are also shown to be capable of meeting a small, but significant, portion of the demand through enrichment of the surface layers in the offshelf waters by upwelling and vertical mixing. The enriched water can then be advected onto the shelf. Both tidal and internal tidal motion have the potential to transport nitrate onto the shelf from deeper water through vertical and horizontal mixing processes. However, these processes are difficult to quantify accurately. It is concluded that nitrogen is supplied to this shelf ecosystem by physical processes that are regular throughout the year, as opposed to large sporadic events that occur only once or twice a year.

Accuracy of wavelets, seismic inversion, and thin-bed resolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. T523-T530
Author(s):  
Ehsan Zabihi Naeini ◽  
Mark Sams
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Reservoir Characterization ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Seismic Inversion ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Frequency Content ◽  
Frequency Model ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Well Data

Broadband reprocessed seismic data from the North West Shelf of Australia were inverted using wavelets estimated with a conventional approach. The inversion method applied was a facies-based inversion, in which the low-frequency model is a product of the inversion process itself, constrained by facies-dependent input trends, the resultant facies distribution, and the match to the seismic. The results identified the presence of a gas reservoir that had recently been confirmed through drilling. The reservoir is thin, with up to 15 ms of maximum thickness. The bandwidth of the seismic data is approximately 5–70 Hz, and the well data used to extract the wavelet used in the inversion are only 400 ms long. As such, there was little control on the lowest frequencies of the wavelet. Different wavelets were subsequently estimated using a variety of new techniques that attempt to address the limitations of short well-log segments and low-frequency seismic. The revised inversion showed greater gas-sand continuity and an extension of the reservoir at one flank. Noise-free synthetic examples indicate that thin-bed delineation can depend on the accuracy of the low-frequency content of the wavelets used for inversion. Underestimation of the low-frequency contents can result in missing thin beds, whereas underestimation of high frequencies can introduce false thin beds. Therefore, it is very important to correctly capture the full frequency content of the seismic data in terms of the amplitude and phase spectra of the estimated wavelets, which subsequently leads to a more accurate thin-bed reservoir characterization through inversion.

scholarly journals First look at the giant radio galaxy 3C 236 with LOFAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. A69 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shulevski ◽  
P. D. Barthel ◽  
R. Morganti ◽  
J. J. Harwood ◽  
M. Brienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
Radio Galaxy ◽  
Ambient Medium ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
North West ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Inner Region

We have examined the giant radio galaxy 3C 236 using LOFAR at 143 MHz down to an angular resolution of 7″, in combination with observations at higher frequencies. We used the low frequency data to derive spectral index maps with the highest resolution yet at these low frequencies. We confirm a previous detection of an inner hotspot in the north-west lobe and for the first time observe that the south-east lobe hotspot is in fact a triple hotspot, which may point to an intermittent source activity. Also, the spectral index map of 3C 236 shows that the spectral steepening at the inner region of the northern lobe is prominent at low frequencies. The outer regions of both lobes show spectral flattening, in contrast with previous high frequency studies. We derive spectral age estimates for the lobes, as well as particle densities of the IGM at various locations. We propose that the morphological differences between the lobes are driven by variations in the ambient medium density as well as the source activity history.

scholarly journals Large-scale changes of the semidiurnal tide along North Atlantic coasts from 1846 to 2018

Ocean Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Lucia Pineau-Guillou ◽  
Pascal Lazure ◽  
Guy Wöppelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. We investigated the long-term changes of the principal tidal component M2 along North Atlantic coasts, from 1846 to 2018. We analysed 18 tide gauges with time series starting no later than 1940. The longest is Brest with 165 years of observations. We carefully processed the data, particularly to remove the 18.6-year nodal modulation. We found that M2 variations are consistent at all the stations in the North-East Atlantic (Cuxhaven, Delfzijl, Hoek van Holland, Newlyn, Brest), whereas some discrepancies appear in the North-West Atlantic. The changes started long before the 20th century and are not linear. The secular trends in M2 amplitude vary from one station to another; most of them are positive, up to 2.5 mm/yr at Wilmington since 1910. Since 1990, the trends switch from positive to negative values in the North-East Atlantic. Concerning the possible causes of the observed changes, the similarity between the North Atlantic Oscillation and M2 variations in the North-East Atlantic suggests a possible influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on the tide. Our statistical analysis confirms large correlations at all the stations in the North-East Atlantic. We discuss a possible underlying mechanism. A different spatial distribution of mean sea level (corresponding to water depth) from one year to another, depending on the low-frequency sea-level pressure patterns, could impact the propagation of the tide in the North Atlantic basin. However, the hypothesis is at present unproven.

scholarly journals Climate-scale changes of the semidiurnal tide over the North Atlantic coasts from 1846 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Pineau-Guillou ◽  
Pascal Lazure ◽  
Guy Wöppelmann
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract. We investigated the long-term changes of the principal tidal component M2 over the North Atlantic coasts, from 1846 to 2018. We analysed 9 tide gauges with time series starting no later than 1920. The longest is Brest with 165 years of observations. We carefully processed the data, particularly to remove the 18.6-year nodal modulation. We found that M2 variations are consistent at all the stations in the North East Atlantic (Newlyn, Brest, Cuxhaven), whereas some discrepancies appear in the North West Atlantic. The changes started long before the XXth century, and are not linear. The trends vary from a station to another; they are overall positive, up to 0.7 mm/yr. Since 1990, the trends switch from positive to negative values. Concerning the possible causes of the observed changes, the similarity between the North Atlantic Oscillation and M2 variations in the North East Atlantic suggests a possible influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on the tide. We discuss a possible underlying mechanism. A different spatial distribution of water heights from one year to another, depending on the low-frequency sea-level pressure patterns, could impact the propagation of the tide in the North Atlantic basin. However, the hypothesis is at present unproven.

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF A NEOCOMIAN SUBMARINE FAN SYSTEM, BROWSE BASIN, NORTH WEST SHELF

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
L.R. Miller ◽  
W.J. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Submarine Fan ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Braided Channel ◽  
Low Amplitude

A possible submarine fan system of Valanginian age occurs in the south of the western half of Permit WA-212-P in the Browse Basin. Seismic mapping and interpretation have allowed the recognition of five seismic facies which are considered representative of this fan system.The five seismic facies are the upper-middle fan braided channel facies, the upper-middle fan braided interchannel facies, the lower fan channel facies, the lower fan sheet facies, and the lower fan lobe fringe facies. The reflections of the upper-middle braided channel fan facies are discontinuous, disrupted, convex up, low amplitude and high frequency. The interchannel facies has reflections that are concave up, continuous, low frequency and moderate to high amplitude. The lower fan channel facies are recognised by convex up, discontinuous, high frequency and low amplitude reflections. The lower fan sheet facies is noted by mounded configurations with continuous, moderate to high amplitude, moderate frequency reflections. The lower fan lobe fringe facies reflections are flat, often shingled reflections with moderate discontinuity, moderate to high amplitude and low to moderate frequency.Since no wells penetrate the submarine fan, the interpretation is based on seismic reflection configurations which are considered typical of submarine fan segments. The interpreted ancient submarine fan occurs on the basin floor adjacent to a probable ramp type margin, and manifests shape and setting consistent with known submarine fans, such as the Eocene Frigg Fan of the North Sea, and the Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group turbidites in the Carnarvon Basin.Seismic facies mapping, in conjunction with sequence stratigraphy concepts, is particularly useful in areas such as the Browse Basin where considerable marine shale sections exist with little structure, and sequences with reservoir potential continue to be a problem to locate. For instance, in Caswell-1, a well drilled in 1977 immediately north of the permit area, 200 barrels of oil flowed from thin sands within a shale sequence of Albian age. Results of this study indicate that local seismic reflection signatures may be indicative of potential sandstone reservoirs in the vicinity of the study area.

scholarly journals Perception, management and pharmacoeconomics of breast cancer in the North West region of Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 750-761
Author(s):  
Mercy Akwi Mbacham Tah-Monunde ◽  
Joseph Chenjo ◽  
Kenneth Anchang Yongabi ◽  
Charles Fokunang ◽  
Wilfred Fon Mbacham
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Breast Self Examination ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Mean Delay ◽  
West Region ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Self Examination

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with an annual incidence of about 1.7 million (11.9%). In Africa and Cameroon, BC accounts for 28% and 33.4% respectively of all cancers, hence it is a health and an economic burden. This study was conducted to investigate the perception and practice of breast self-examination among breast cancer patients, evaluate the pharmacoeconomics of chemotherapy against phyto-therapy and to relate these to the stage of presentation at hospital. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 75 tradi-practitioners in the North West Region who treat BC and on 85 BC patients who attended the Regional Hospital Bamenda. Pharmacoeconomic analyses were done on the cost of treatment of BC using each of the health interventions. The structured questionnaires had four sections labelled A through D. Section A of both questionnaires demanded background information from the participants such as their location (village), type of community, the date of interview and the consent; Section B demanded demographic characteristics of the participants; Section C was concerned with the management of breast cancer; Section D contained questions whose responses enabled the researcher to calculate the cost of treatment. From the study, 15.3% of respondents knew and practised BSE. The mean delay before presentation for medical evaluation was 10.9 months for those who knew and practiced BSE, the average costs of treating BC by chemotherapy and by phyto-therapy were $3,042 and $1,500 respectively. We conclude that BSE greatly influences the stage of presentation of BCPs at the hospital for consultation, with those who know and practise it having a lower mean delay of presentation at the hospital for treatment. We also conclude that the treatment of breast cancer using plant preparations is apparently less costly than by conventional chemotherapy but with no evidence in the delay of time-to-metastasis.Keywords: Knowledge, pharmacoeconomics, breast cancer, breast self-examination, chemotherapy, phyto-therapy    

scholarly journals What are the social predictors of accident and emergency attendance in disadvantaged neighbourhoods? Results from a cross-sectional household health survey in the north west of England

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e022820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Giebel ◽  
Jason Cameron McIntyre ◽  
Konstantinos Daras ◽  
Mark Gabbay ◽  
Jennifer Downing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
North West ◽  
Health Lifestyle ◽  
The North ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify the most important determinants of accident and emergency (A&E) attendance in disadvantaged areas.Design, setting and participantsA total of 3510 residents from 20 disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the North West Coast area in England completed a comprehensive public health survey.Main outcome measuresParticipants were asked to complete general background information, as well as information about their physical health, mental health, lifestyle, social issues, housing and environment, work and finances, and healthcare service usage. Only one resident per household could take part in the survey. Poisson regression analysis was employed to assess the predictors of A&E attendance frequency in the previous 12 months.Results31.6% of the sample reported having attended A&E in the previous 12 months, ranging from 1 to 95 visits. Controlling for demographic and health factors, not being in employment and living in poor quality housing increased the likelihood of attending an A&E service. Service access was also found to be predictive of A&E attendance insofar as there were an additional 18 fewer A&E attendances per 100 population for each kilometre closer a person lived to a general practitioner (GP) practice, and 3 fewer attendances per 100 population for each kilometre further a person lived from an A&E department.ConclusionsThis is one of the first surveys to explore a comprehensive set of socio-economic factors as well as proximity to both GP and A&E services as predictors of A&E attendance in disadvantaged areas. Findings from this study suggest the need to address both socioeconomic issues, such as employment and housing quality, as well as structural issues, such as public transport and access to primary care, to reduce the current burden on A&E departments.

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