scholarly journals 5G and EMF Exposure: Misinformation, Open Questions, and Potential Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elzanaty ◽  
Luca Chiaraviglio ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Radio Frequency Radiation ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Frequency Radiation

The massive deployment of advanced wireless networks is essential to support broadband connectivity, low latency communication, and Internet of Things applications. Nevertheless, in the time of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) there is a massive amount of misinformation and uncertainty about the impact of fifth-generation cellular network (5G) networks on human health. In this paper, we investigate the main categories of misinformation regarding 5G, i.e., fake theories, the misconception of 5G features, and open questions that require further research. Then, we propose two novel approaches for the design of electromagnetic field (EMF)-aware cellular networks that can reduce human exposure to radio frequency radiation.

scholarly journals Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed H. Alsharif ◽  
Khalid Yahya ◽  
Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network.

scholarly journals A Techno-Economic Assessment of 5G Networks with Passive Optical Network-Based Mobile Backhaul and Hybrid Fiber-Copper Fronthaul

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Fernandes ◽  
Fabricio De Souza Farias ◽  
Aline Ohashi ◽  
Marcos Oliveira ◽  
João Crisostomo Weyl Albuquerque Costa
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Passive Optical Network ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Hybrid Fiber ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Mobile Backhaul

Fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will be the key element of a society that is becoming increasingly interconnected and digitalized. Applications adopted in many social and industrial sectors will require from 5G networks higher standards of availability and reliability. These requirements are leading operators to plan the deployment of protection schemes in the backhaul layer. In this context, our aim is to employ simulation to assess in a technical and economic way different backhaul protection schemes based on passive optical network (PON). The results indicate that the use of protection can increase the viability of 5G networks based on a PON backhaul supporting a hybrid fronthaul with fiber and copper.

scholarly journals Channel Access and Power Control for Mobile Crowdsourcing in Device-to-Device Underlaid Cellular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Ma ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Zhenghua Gu ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Mobile Crowdsourcing ◽  
Device To Device ◽  
Area Spectral Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

With the access of a myriad of smart handheld devices in cellular networks, mobile crowdsourcing becomes increasingly popular, which can leverage omnipresent mobile devices to promote the complicated crowdsourcing tasks. Device-to-device (D2D) communication is highly desired in mobile crowdsourcing when cellular communications are costly. The D2D cellular network is more preferable for mobile crowdsourcing than conventional cellular network. Therefore, this paper addresses the channel access and power control problem in the D2D underlaid cellular networks. We propose a novel semidistributed network-assisted power and a channel access control scheme for D2D user equipment (DUE) pieces. It can control the interference from DUE pieces to the cellular user accurately and has low information feedback overhead. For the proposed scheme, the stochastic geometry tool is employed and analytic expressions are derived for the coverage probabilities of both the cellular link and D2D links. We analyze the impact of key system parameters on the proposed scheme. The Pareto optimal access threshold maximizing the total area spectral efficiency is obtained. Unlike the existing works, the performances of the cellular link and D2D links are both considered. Simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the total area spectral efficiency significantly compared to existing schemes.

scholarly journals Estimating Harmful Levels of Radio-Frequency Radiation

1991 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 258-266
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Crane ◽  
Lynne A. Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Atmospheric Refraction ◽  
Radio Frequency Radiation ◽  
Radio Transmitter ◽  
Propagation Losses ◽  
Frequency Radiation

Determining whether a particular radio transmitter will produce harmful levels of radio-frequency radiation at a location of interest (the “receiver,” be it a nearby home or a distant radio telescope), has two steps. The first is to determine which standard for harm applies: Section II reviews those for human exposure, for interference with electronic devices, for interference with optical and infrared astronomy, and for interference with radio astronomy.The second step is to estimate the propagation losses between the transmitter and the “receiver.” Many factors, several highly time variable, contribute to such losses - including atmospheric refraction, diffraction by obstacles, tropospheric scattering, and atmospheric absorption - and are discussed in Section III.

Thermoregulation in Humans: Results From an Anatomically-Based, High-Resolution Voxelized Model

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Nelson ◽  
Allen R. Curran ◽  
Eric A. Marttila ◽  
Sylvain Charbonnel ◽  
Dusan Fiala
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Local Surface ◽  
Radio Frequency Radiation ◽  
Mild Temperature Hyperthermia ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
Frequency Radiation

The ability to predict local surface and internal temperatures in humans subjected to various environmental and direct thermal loads has applications which include assessment of human exposure to radio frequency radiation (RFR) from mobile phones [1], medical imaging technologies [2] and mild-temperature hyperthermia (MTH) treatment for some cancers [3].

scholarly journals Optimal Consensus with Dual Abnormality Mode of Cellular IoT Based on Edge Computing

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Shin-Hung Pan ◽  
Shu-Ching Wang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
The Internet ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
5G Network

The continuous development of fifth-generation (5G) networks is the main driving force for the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is expected that the 5G network will greatly expand the applications of the IoT, thereby promoting the operation of cellular networks, the security and network challenges of the IoT, and pushing the future of the Internet to the edge. Because the IoT can make anything in anyplace be connected together at any time, it can provide ubiquitous services. With the establishment and use of 5G wireless networks, the cellular IoT (CIoT) will be developed and applied. In order to provide more reliable CIoT applications, a reliable network topology is very important. Reaching a consensus is one of the most important issues in providing a highly reliable CIoT design. Therefore, it is necessary to reach a consensus so that even if some components in the system is abnormal, the application in the system can still execute correctly in CIoT. In this study, a protocol of consensus is discussed in CIoT with dual abnormality mode that combines dormant abnormality and malicious abnormality. The protocol proposed in this research not only allows all normal components in CIoT to reach a consensus with the minimum times of data exchange, but also allows the maximum number of dormant and malicious abnormal components in CIoT. In the meantime, the protocol can make all normal components in CIoT satisfy the constraints of reaching consensus: Termination, Agreement, and Integrity.

scholarly journals Radio Capacity Estimation for Millimeter Wave 5G Cellular Networks Using Narrow Beamwidth Antennas at the Base Stations

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
AlMuthanna Turki Nassar ◽  
Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman ◽  
Abdulhameed Alsanie
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Capacity Enhancement ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Microwave Networks

This paper presents radio frequency (RF) capacity estimation for millimeter wave (mm-wave) based fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks using field-level simulations. It is shown that, by reducing antenna beamwidth from 65° to 30°, we can enhance the capacity of mm-wave cellular networks roughly by 3.0 times at a distance of 220 m from the base station (BS). This enhancement is far much higher than the corresponding enhancement of 1.2 times observed for 900 MHz and 2.6 GHz microwave networks at the same distance from the BS. Thus the use of narrow beamwidth transmitting antennas has more pronounced benefits in mm-wave networks. Deployment trials performed on an LTE TDD site operating on 2.6 GHz show that 6-sector site with 27° antenna beamwidth enhances the quality of service (QoS) roughly by 40% and more than doubles the overall BS throughput (while enhancing the per sector throughput 1.1 times on average) compared to a 3-sector site using 65° antenna beamwidth. This agrees well with our capacity simulations. Since mm-wave 5G networks will use arbitrary number of beams, with beamwidth much less than 30°, the capacity enhancement expected in 5G system when using narrow beamwidth antennas would be much more than three times observed in our simulations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document