scholarly journals Applied Behavior Analysis as Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Topic Modeling and Linguistic Analysis of Reddit Posts

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica L. Bellon-Harn ◽  
Ryan L. Boyd ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah
Keyword(s):  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Aba Therapy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Empirical Stance

Background: It is critical for professionals to understand the discourse landscape within various online and social media outlets in order to support families of children with autism in treatment decision-making. This need is heightened when considering treatments that have garnered excitement and controversy, such as applied behavioral analysis (ABA) therapy.Method: The specific aims of this study were to identify the main themes in Reddit posts about ABA-based interventions for autism using topic modeling, to examine the linguistic aspects of Reddit conversations using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analysis, and to examine the relationship between linguistic aspects and user category (i.e., pro- vs. anti-ABA vs. undecided, parent vs. professional vs. an individual with autism).Results: The topic modeling resulted in 11 themes that ranged across various elements, such as autism as a condition and its management, stakeholders, and consequences of autism and the support needed. The posts of individuals were focused on personal experiences and opinions as opposed to clinical and research information sharing. Linguistic analysis indicated that the posts reveal an intimate stance rather than an empirical stance.Conclusions: Results provide insight into perspectives of ABA. This type of research may help in developing and distributing appropriate and evidence-based information.

scholarly journals Computer knows best? The need for value-flexibility in medical AI

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind J McDougall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
The Relationship

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being developed for use in medicine, including for diagnosis and in treatment decision making. The use of AI in medical treatment raises many ethical issues that are yet to be explored in depth by bioethicists. In this paper, I focus specifically on the relationship between the ethical ideal of shared decision making and AI systems that generate treatment recommendations, using the example of IBM’s Watson for Oncology. I argue that use of this type of system creates both important risks and significant opportunities for promoting shared decision making. If value judgements are fixed and covert in AI systems, then we risk a shift back to more paternalistic medical care. However, if designed and used in an ethically informed way, AI could offer a potentially powerful way of supporting shared decision making. It could be used to incorporate explicit value reflection, promoting patient autonomy. In the context of medical treatment, we need value-flexible AI that can both respond to the values and treatment goals of individual patients and support clinicians to engage in shared decision making.

scholarly journals Predicting the Amount of Intraperitoneal Fluid Accumulation by Computed Tomography and Its Clinical Use in Patients With Perforated Peptic Ulcer

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Ishiguro ◽  
Youichi Kumagai ◽  
Hiroyuki Baba ◽  
Yusuke Tajima ◽  
Hideko Imaizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Perforated Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The correlation between the amount of peritoneal fluid and clinical parameters in patients with perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) has not been investigated. The authors' objective was to derive a reliable formula for determining the amount of peritoneal fluid in patients with PPU before surgery, and to evaluate the correlation between the estimated amount of peritoneal fluid and clinical parameters. We investigated 62 consecutive patients who underwent emergency surgery for PPU, and in whom prediction of the amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid was possible by computed tomography (CT) using the methods described by Oriuchi et al. We examined the relationship between the predicted amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid and that measured during surgery, and the relationship between the amount of fluid predicted preoperatively or measured during surgery and several clinical parameters. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of fluid predicted by CT scan and that measured during surgery. When patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were analyzed collectively, the predicted amount of intraperitoneal fluid and the amount measured during surgery were each associated with the period from onset until CT scan, perforation size, the Mannheim peritoneal index, and the severity of postoperative complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Our present results suggest that the method of Oriuchi et al is useful for predicting the amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid in patients with PPU, and that this would be potentially helpful for treatment decision-making and estimating the severity of postoperative complications.

Treatment decision making in metastatic prostate cancer (mPC).

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 224-224
Author(s):  
Alicia K. Morgans ◽  
Angela Fought ◽  
Benjamin Lee ◽  
David James VanderWeele ◽  
Maha H. A. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
Treatment Choice ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

224 Background: Multiple treatments exist for mPC, and optimal treatment choice is not defined. Shared decision making (SDM) in which physicians communicate treatment purpose, risks, and benefits, and patients (pts) communicate values/preferences can be used to determine treatment. SDM is associated with superior health outcomes in non-cancer populations, but whether it is used in mPC is unknown. We assessed mPC pt and caregiver perceptions of decision locus of control (DLOC) (SDM vs physician (PD) or pt (PtD) directed decisions), and characteristics associated with DLOC. Methods: Between 12/16 and 11/17, mPC patients and caregivers completed surveys of decision making practices after a clinical encounter in which a decision occurred. To evaluate the relationship between pt perception of DLOC type and categorical variables we used Fisher’s exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis was used to evaluate the relationship between DLOC and age. Results: 50 pt/caregivers participated, with median pt age of 72 yo. Most pts were Caucasian (96%), married (90%), and reported good health or better (18% excellent, 58% good, 24% fair). 66% of pts reported SDM, 10% reported PD only, 12% reported PD considering patient’s preferences, and 12% reported PtD considering physician’s recommendation. Caregivers reported numerically lower rates of SDM (56%), PD only (6%), and PD considering patient’s preferences (8%), but greater PtD considering physician’s recommendation (30%), (p=0.28). Neither reported PtD without considering physician recommendations. There was no association between pt DLCO and age (p=0.70) or clinician type, (p=0.13). All pts reporting PtD considering physician’s recommendation saw medical oncologists rather than urologists. Conclusions: Both pts and caregivers perceived a majority of decisions as SDM, indicating a high level of patient engagement in mPC decision making, and clinician type and patient age were not associated with pt reported DLOC. Pts seen by medical oncology in this cohort reported directing treatment choice when considering physician’s recommendation. Efforts to assess and support decision making in more diverse patient populations and explore the association between SDM, pt satisfaction and quality of life are underway.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

Patients’ practices for taking the initiative in decision-making in outpatient psychiatric consultations

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuya Kushida ◽  
Takeshi Hiramoto ◽  
Yuriko Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
The Way

In spite of increasing advocacy for patients’ participation in psychiatric decision-making, there has been little research on how patients actually participate in decision-making in psychiatric consultations. This study explores how patients take the initiative in decision-making over treatment in outpatient psychiatric consultations in Japan. Using the methodology of conversation analysis, we analyze 85 video-recorded ongoing consultations and find that patients select between two practices for taking the initiative in decision-making: making explicit requests for a treatment and displaying interest in a treatment without explicitly requesting it. A close inspection of transcribed interaction reveals that patients make explicit requests under the circumstances where they believe the candidate treatment is appropriate for their condition, whereas they merely display interest in a treatment when they are not certain about its appropriateness. By fitting practices to take the initiative in decision-making with the way they describe their current condition, patients are optimally managing their desire for particular treatments and the validity of their initiative actions. In conclusion, we argue that the orderly use of the two practices is one important resource for patients’ participation in treatment decision-making.

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