scholarly journals Are Humans More Like Wolves or Dogs?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Breski ◽  
Daniel Dor
Keyword(s):  
Farm Animals ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Unique Species

What makes humans a unique species? How did ancient humans evolve to live together and cooperate with each other? Research on the evolution of prehistoric humans shows that we have some characteristics in common with domesticated animals, like dogs, cows, and pigs. These similarities led researchers to propose that the human species has also undergone a type of domestication, which decreased our aggression and increased our social nature. In this article, we examine this idea and present an alternative: that the human species did not become domesticated like pets or farm animals, but instead evolved the ability to control its emotions, similar to other highly social species, like wolves. Emotional control allows us to restrain our aggression or promote it, depending on the situation. We think that emotional control is what allowed the human species to develop unique ways of communication in the animal kingdom.

scholarly journals Chemical deception among ant social parasites

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhian M. Guillem ◽  
Falko Drijfhout ◽  
Stephen J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Species Recognition ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Social Parasites ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Host Colony ◽  
Recognition Systems ◽  
Unique Species

Abstract Deception is widespread throughout the animal kingdom and various deceptive strategies are exemplified by social parasites. These are species of ants, bees and wasps that have evolved to invade, survive and reproduce within a host colony of another social species. This is achieved principally by chemical deception that tricks the host workers into treating the invading parasite as their own kin. Achieving levels of acceptance into typically hostile host colonies requires an amazing level of deception as social insects have evolved complex species- and colony-specific recognition systems. This allows the detection of foreigners, both hetero- and con-specific. Therefore, social parasitic ants not only have to overcome the unique species recognition profiles that each ant species produces, but also the subtle variations in theses profiles which generate the colony-specific profiles. We present data on the level of chemical similarity between social parasites and their hosts in four different systems and then discuss these data in the wider context with previous studies, especially in respect to using multivariate statistical methods when looking for differences in these systems.

Livestock, Meat, and Fish

Food Politics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Paarlberg
Keyword(s):  
Farm Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
The Way

How are farm animals different from crops? In some respects, they are not so different. Human beings have eaten animals—including fish—from the beginning, and we have bred domesticated animals to serve our food purposes in much the way that we have bred crops. Moreover, market...

scholarly journals VILLAGE ORNAMENTS: FAMILIARIZATION AND PETS AS ART(IFACTS) IN AMAZONIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-77
Author(s):  
Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden ◽  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Human Animal

Abstract The objective of this article is to discuss some reasons the Karitiana (Rondônia, Brazil) evoke to explain their ever-present desire to maintain familiarized or domesticated animals in their villages. Based on the ethnography of the relationships among the Karitiana and these animals, this paper enters into dialogue with the hypotheses formulated to explore the Amazonian people's fondness for the company of non-human species. It also provides insights for rethinking these debates, advocating that Indians are particularly looking for beauty represented by the diversity of animals and by the arts of domestication, just like the aesthetics of conviviality as proposed by Joanna Overing. This aesthetic dimension of human-animal relations seems to be overlooked by theorists of domestication or familiarization because they consider these phenomena to be more techniques or technologies than arts. Renewed perspectives on human-animal relations can be opened by addressing the "arts of domestication" and avoiding an a priori opposition between technique and art.

The incidence of helminth parasites from the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in Eastern Scotland

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boag
Keyword(s):  
Worm Burden ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Female Rabbit

AbstractSamples of wild rabbits were collected each month over the six-year period 1977–82 and their intestines and abdomens examined for helminths. Three species of nematode, four of cestode and one trematode were found, Graphidium strigosum was recorded in 33% of the 786 rabbits, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in 79%, Passalurus ambiguus in 14·2% Cittotaenia Pectinata in 37%, C. denticulata in 11%, Coenurus pisiformis in 3%, Cysticercus serialis in 0·1% and Fasciola hepatica in 0·1%. G. strigosum and P. ambiguus infections were greatest in the older heavier animals whereas juvenile rabbits had the heaviest T. retortaeformis nematode burdens. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in G. strigosum, T. retortaeformis, P. ambiguus and Cittotaenia denticulata. The sex and reproductive state of the female rabbit did not have any significant effect on either the nematode or cestode worm burdens. Myxomatosis was shown to significantly increase the worm burden of T. retortaeformis and raise that of P. ambiguus. No nematode or cestode from domesticated animals were recovered and it was concluded that since F. hepatica was found only once rabbits did not constitute a serious hazard to the farm animals grazing the area.

scholarly journals Why do human and non-human species conceal mating? The cooperation maintenance hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1932) ◽  
pp. 20201330
Author(s):  
Yitzchak Ben Mocha
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Proximate Explanation

Despite considerable cultural differences, a striking uniformity is argued to exist in human preferences for concealing sexual intercourse from the sensory perception of conspecifics. However, no systematic accounts support this claim, with only limited attempts to understand the selective pressures acting on the evolution of this preference. Here, I combine cross-cultural and cross-species comparative approaches to investigate these topics. First, an analysis of more than 4572 ethnographies from 249 cultures presents systematic evidence that the preference to conceal mating is widespread across cultures. Second, I argue that current anthropological hypotheses do not sufficiently explain why habitual concealment of mating evolved in humans but is only seldom exhibited by other social species. Third, I introduce the cooperation maintenance hypothesis, which postulates that humans, and a specific category of non-human species, conceal matings to prevent sexual arousal in witnesses (proximate explanation). This allows them to simultaneously maintain mating control over their partner(s) and cooperation with group members who are prevented from mating (ultimate explanations). I conclude by presenting a comparative framework and predictions to be tested across species and human cultures.

Singes humanisés, humains singés

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Herzfeld ◽  
Patricia Van Schuylenbergh
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Human Uniqueness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Collective Representations

This article explores certain collective representations related to the great divide between human and animal. But rather than engage on the reassuring path of inventorying human uniqueness, it mobilizes various places where humans and the ambassadors of four particular species – chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla and orang-outan – meet, and exchange habits and skills. A careful study of the few historical milestones in the history of the relationship between humans and the great apes allows us to highlight the limitations of the Western dualistic division of the animal kingdom into poles that radically separate the human species from the other animal species. In the space where humans and apes come together, the apes show a form of ‘becoming-human’ that echoes the ‘becoming-animal’ outlined by Deleuze & Guattari. The primates in fact adopt the customs, capabilities and lineaments of human ethos, thus blurring the often too linear boundaries between human and animal, and calling into question the rigidity of several great oppositions that structure our thinking and discourse: nature and culture, wild and domestic, bestial and human.

Local ecological knowledge about human‐wildlife conflict: A Portuguese case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Camacho Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Local Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

Abstract Human‐wildlife conflict has hindered the success of many management measures for the conservation of endangered species. Therefore, this study aims to establish which non-human species are in conflict with human beings and to understand how residents perceive human‐wildlife conflict, and how they proceed when in conflict with non-human animals, in the municipality of Santa Comba Dão. The author conducted unstructured interviews with the residents of this county on the subjects of locally existing and extinct species, and problems with amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles. In this study, the author found non-human species to be in conflict with human beings, with residents blaming them for economic losses. Foxes, for example, were accused of preying on farm animals. However, the residents also identified the construction of roads and the introduction of exotic species as economic activities that adversely affected native species. Interviewees also reported conflicts of interest between local hunters and farmers as the hunters' associations had introduced wild boar to the area, a species that consumes farmers' white potatoes and corn. Residents' perceptions were in part influenced by the local citizens' beliefs and values ‐ information not previously evaluated in this area. This type of information may be extremely useful during the planning of policy measures, given its importance to establishing effective public policies that protect biodiversity and improve sustainable development.

Unilateral Hallucinations; their Relative Frequency, Associations, and Pathology,

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (197) ◽  
pp. 277-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Pathological Change ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Essential Nature ◽  
Full Maturity

Both in physiology and pathology the study of simple, incomplete, and degenerate forms usually sheds a light, sometimes very clear, on more complex and perfect types. For example, such works as those of Spencer, Maudsley, Laycock, and Carpenter show how much the relation of mind to organisation is elucidated by careful observations of the nervous system in the lower orders of the animal kingdom, and of its condition in the abortive and morbid specimens of the human species. In pathology, more particularly, it is not usually where disease has attained full maturity or has advanced to its last stages that we may expect to find its point of origin, mode of progress, or essential nature; rather it is where pathological change is only beginning, in tissue that deviates but little from the healthy standard, or in function that is but slightly disturbed: so in the special pathology of the nervous system much may be learned regarding the more serious diseases by minutely examining and considering the features of the slighter and less striking disorders.

scholarly journals Induced pluripotent stem cells from farm animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Su ◽  
Jiaqi Zhu ◽  
Saleh Salman ◽  
Young Tang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Ipsc Generation ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Abstract The development of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology has revolutionized the world on the establishment of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) across a great variety of animal species. Generation of iPSCs from domesticated animals would provide unrestricted cell resources for the study of embryonic development and cell differentiation of these species, for screening and establishing desired traits for sustainable agricultural production, and as veterinary and preclinical therapeutic tools for animal and human diseases. Induced PSCs from domesticated animals thus harbor enormous scientific, economical, and societal values. Although much progress has been made toward the generation of PSCs from these species, major obstacles remain precluding the exclamation of the establishment of bona fide iPSCs. The most prominent of them remain the inability of these cells to silence exogenous reprogramming factors, the obvious reliance on exogenous factors for their self-renewal, and the restricted development potential in vivo. In this review, we summarize the history and current progress in domestic farm animal iPSC generation, with a focus on swine, ruminants (cattle, ovine, and caprine), horses, and avian species (quails and chickens). We also discuss the problems associated with the farm animal iPSCs and potential future directions toward the complete reprogramming of somatic cells from farm animals.

scholarly journals Infants choose those who defer in conflicts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J Thomas ◽  
Barbara Wiseheart Sarnecka
Keyword(s):  
High Status ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Social Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Status Information ◽  
Status Cues ◽  
Zero Sum

For humans and other social species, social status matters: it determines who wins access to contested resources, territory and mates [1–11]. Human infants are sensitive to dominance status cues [12,13]. They expect conflicts to be won by larger individuals [14], those with more allies [15], and those with a history of winning [16–18]. But being sensitive to status cues is not enough; individuals must also use status information when deciding whom to approach and whom to avoid [19]. In many non-human species, low-status individuals avoid high-status individuals, and in so doing avoid the threat of aggression [20–23]. In these species, high-status individuals commit random acts of aggression toward subordinates [23] and even commit infanticide [24–26]. However, for less reactively aggressive species [27,28], high-status individuals may be good coalition partners. This is especially true for humans, where high-status individuals can provide guidance, protection and knowledge to subordinates [2,29,30]. Indeed, human adults [31–33], human toddlers [34], and adult bonobos [35] prefer high-status individuals to low-status ones. Here we present 6 experiments testing whether 10- to 16-month-old human infants choose high-or low-status individuals—specifically, winners or yielders in zero-sum conflicts—and find that infants choose puppets who yield. Intriguingly, toddlers just six months older choose the winners of such conflicts [34]. This suggests that although humans start out like many other species, avoiding high-status others, we shift in toddlerhood to approaching high-status individuals, consistent with the idea that for humans, high-status individuals can provide benefits to low-status ones.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document