scholarly journals Benefits of Baculovirus Use in IPM Strategies for Open Field and Protected Vegetables

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Landwehr
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Impacts

Widespread use of synthetic chemical insecticides causes growing concern regarding the risks to human health and negative impacts on the environment. At the same time, many insects have become resistant toward synthetic chemical insecticides. Baculoviruses bring many benefits and allow reduced use of synthetic insecticides when included in integrated pest management (IPM). They are specific to their target pest and thus do not have any negative effects on plants, mammals, and non-target insects including natural enemies and pollinators. In addition, their unique mode of action makes them suitable for resistance management. We provide examples of how baculoviruses can be applied in IPM strategies for open field and protected vegetable crops. In field trials, baculovirus products were applied in rotations and tankmixes with chlorantraniliprole, Bacillus thuringiensis products, and spinosad and provided promising control of target pests. The conducted trials in open field and protected vegetables show that baculoviruses can offer an effective solution to control pests in open field and protected vegetable production. Including baculoviruses gave results as good as other application strategies tested while conferring important benefits in reducing residues and improving the resistance management strategy.

scholarly journals 157 Estimation of Environmental Impact of Two Cropping Systems Using PLANETOR

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 469B-469
Author(s):  
A. Kalo ◽  
P.H. Hoepner ◽  
S.B. Sterrett ◽  
J.F. Diem
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Negative Impacts

Long-term goals of reducing environmental impacts associated with agricultural activities must include economic sustainability as well as production feasibility. This study compared the potential economic and environmental impact of two specific cropping systems [wheat/soybeans (w/s) vs. selected vegetable crops with wheat/soybeans (veg/w/s)]. Profitability of w/s was lower than the veg/w/s system but demanded a smaller, less extensive resource base of labor and machinery with fewer conflicts in resource utilization rates. The PLANETOR computer program (Univ. of Minnesota) was used to analyze the potential negative environmental effects of growing a particular crop mix within these two systems. Although some of the vegetable crops exceeded the targeted soil loss tolerance value (T-value) of 3 t/ha, the weighted average of the veg/w/s system was below the target T-value for soil erosion. Analyses suggest that the profits from vegetables in the veg/w/s production more than offset the negative impacts on soil erosion and the veg/w/s system would be more economically feasible than w/s. Potential impact of pesticide leaching and runoff from vegetable production as calculated by PLANETOR was less than that from w/s. Specific cultural practices, including soil/tissue testing to manage nutrient applications, could reduce nitrogen/phosphorus movement. The veg/w/s system may offer the necessary profit margins to allow adoption of more environmentally friendly production alternative.

Development of vegetable cropping systems in the Niayes zone of Senegal

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
H. De Bon ◽  
F. Faye ◽  
J. Pages
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intensive Use

The importance of vegetable crops has been increasing in West Africa for the past forty years. This paper describes the evolution of intensive mixed vegetable production in the Niayes area near Dakar between 1970 and 1990. The importance of cultivation in low-lying areas with very few inputs have decreased but irrigated cropping systems have become more important due to the better adaptation of vegetative material, application of more fertilizers and better control of pests and diseases. This intensification appears to be irreversible, in spite of the negative effects of the more intensive use of land.

scholarly journals Managing major diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using resistance elicitors and protected cultivation

2017 ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Lucia Borines ◽  
Rezel Sagarino ◽  
Fely Cañete ◽  
Elvira Oclarit ◽  
Zenaida Gonzaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Diseases, particularly bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major constraint to vegetable production. Protected cultivation has been proven effective in reducing disease incidence but additional control measures need to be integrated in highly infested soils to mitigate the losses due to diseases. This paper reports the effect of resistance elicitors, particularly chitosan, acetylsalicylic acid and SiO2 in mitigating bacterial wilt disease problem and other naturally occurring diseases in two field trials. Two hundred ppm chitosan, acetylsalicylic acid and their combination had reduced bacterial wilt incidence and increased the yield of tomato under protected cultivation, but not in the open field. SiO2 was not able to reduce bacterial wilt incidence in tomato but had reduced the nematode count, especially Rotylenchulus sp. in the roots, particularly when drenched. Protected cultivation still proved effective in reducing bacterial wilt incidence in both experiments. It’s potential to protect crops against bacterial wilt is further enhanced by the application of chitosan and acetylsalicylic acid, most especially the combination of these treatments. The potential of chitosan and acetylsalicylic acid in protecting plants in the open field against bacterial wilt may be enhanced by the addition of a sticker.

scholarly journals 632 PB 490 FIELD TRIALS WITH COMPOSTED, PELLETIZED POULTRY LITTER APPLICATIONS IN SPINACH AND COLLARDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 523a-523
Author(s):  
Tina Gray Teague
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

On farm studies in 1994 with a composted, poultry litter (PPL) product, Organigro (Organigro Inc., Watts, OK), were conducted with fall spinach and collards in eastern Arkansas. In a small plot study with `Cascade' spinach grown on Dubbs fine sandy loam soil (pH 6.5 to 6.8) in a large commercial field receiving fertilizer inputs of 102-0-70 NPK + 29.5 S + 0.5 B, additions of as little as 280 kg PPL ha-1 significantly increased yield. In collard studies, effects of applications of PPL, NPK and a transplant water applied fertilizer solution were compared in a trial with transplanted `Blue Max grown in a silt loam soil (pH 5.8 to 6.2) that had been damaged from precision leveling. PPL applied at 560 kg ha resulted in significantly higher yields than plots receiving NPK (applied as 516 kg 13-13-13 ha-1) alone. Applications of a fertilizer solution containing secondary and micronutrients (Golden Harvest Plus, Smeller Chemical. Houston, TX) in transplant water (50 ml/plant solution containing .95 1 GH+/378 1 H2O) resulted in comparable yields as those treatments with PPL. These results indicate that shallow rooted vegetable crops such as spinach and collards grown in damaged soils or light textured soils with low organic matter can he improved with additions of poultry litter. The PPL product used in these studies is produced with a guaranteed analysis of 4-4-4 NPK, and because it has been composted, problems with weed seeds and pathogenic organisms have been eliminated The pelletized form of the product also, facilitates field application. These properties make this type product ideal for use in vegetable production systems, particularly where problems with secondary or micronutrients may he likely.

Insect resistance of transgenic plants that express modified Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(b) and cryIC genes: a resistance management strategy

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo van der Salm ◽  
Dirk Bosch ◽  
Guy Honée ◽  
Lanxiang Feng ◽  
Ellie Munsterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Resistance Management

scholarly journals Trap cropping: Principles and possibilities of application in root vegetable production

Biljni lekar ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-635
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina ◽  
Aleksandar Ivezić
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Trap Cropping ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Root Vegetables

Vegetable production is one of the most intensive parts of agricultural production in Serbia. There are several different classifications of vegetable species, but the most common is based on the edible part of the plant. This classification emphasizes root vegetables as a special and very important category. During the entire vegetation period, root vegetables are exposed to numerous pests, which reduce the value and quality of the final product. In addition to insects, which represent the most numerous group of animals, vegetables are also damaged by mites, nematodes, snails, rodents and some species of birds. One of the ecologically acceptable methods in the protection of vegetables is trap cropping, whereby certain plant species, the so-called trap plants are used to attract pests, in order to reduce the damage of the main crop. In modern agricultural production, trap crops are used as a common tool in Integrated Pest Management. Rising interest of agricultural producers for trap cropping is primarily attributed to the public concern about the potential negative effects of pesticides to human and environmental health, as well as to the increasing problem of pest resistance to insecticides. Since root vegetables intended for the market are primarily in fresh condition, an important segment of production is the effective protection of vegetable crops, which implies production of healthy and safe food. In that sense, the consideration of trap crops application in protection of root vegetables is more than justified, because trap cropping represents an environmentally friendly method and an effective alternative to conventional protection of vegetables from economically important pests.

High Efficacy and Low Risk of Phytotoxicity of Sulfur in the Suppression of Strawberry Powdery Mildew

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo B. Onofre ◽  
David M. Gadoury ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Fruit Disease

Sulfur is a multisite inhibitor of strawberry powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis) recommended for fungicide resistance management, yet growers may refrain from its use due to purported phytotoxicity under conditions often qualitatively defined as “hot”, or “during periods of high temperature”. Our objectives were to (i) determine phytotoxicity of sulfur on three strawberry cultivars treated in controlled environments at temperatures of 30, 35, and 40°C for periods of 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after the sulfur application; and (ii) evaluate phytotoxicity and efficacy of sulfur on strawberry grown in open fields and high tunnels in Florida. Under controlled conditions, cultivars Florida127 and Florida Beauty exhibited minor phytotoxicity when exposed to sulfur at 30°C for 2 to 8 h. Cultivar Florida Radiance, however, was more sensitive, with greater phytotoxicity as exposure time increased. We found that weekly applications of sulfur on cultivar Florida127 significantly reduced P. aphanis foliar and fruit disease as well as or better than the standard fungicide treatment, and resulted in 80 to 300% higher yields (compared with nontreated controls) in open field and high tunnel trials, respectively. Ambient temperature did not exceed 35°C in open field trials, where no phytotoxicity was observed. In the high tunnel, where only mild leaf phytotoxicity was observed, temperatures exceeded 40°C for a total of 20 h across 9 days. Our results suggest that sulfur has benefits for disease suppression and fungicide resistance management that greatly surpass the minimal phytotoxicity observed only at temperatures above 35°C for a period of at least 2 h.

scholarly journals Social validity of a contextual behavioral science-based intervention for retirement education

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Martins Barbosa ◽  
Sheila Giardini Murta
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Social Validity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Contextual Behavioral Science

AbstractThe literature shows that retirement can bring both positive and negative effects. However, there are few tested interventions for preparing workers for this transition and avoiding or minimizing its negative impacts. This paper presents a study with multiple groups that examined the social validity of an intervention for retirement education grounded in contextual behavioral science and acceptance and commitment therapy. Twenty-seven workers aged 29 to 65 divided into three intervention groups participated (group 1, N = 15; group 2, N = 9; group 3, N = 3). According to the participants’ evaluations, the intervention provided socially valid goals, socially acceptable procedures, and socially important effects. However, some improvements are still needed, such as the use of more dynamic methods, better formatted printed material, and increased fidelity between the content’s implementation and the prescribed activities. The positive results indicate that contextual behavioral science may bolster the development of interventions whose components possess evidence for their social validity. The further evaluation of the intervention via a clinical trial study will offer more robust evidence for its effectiveness. It is hoped that by increasing the availability of theory-based interventions in this area, the present study will promote valid strategies to facilitate better adjustment to retirement.

scholarly journals Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Langstroff ◽  
Marc C. Heuermann ◽  
Andreas Stahl ◽  
Astrid Junker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Response Traits

AbstractRising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant‘s phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.

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