scholarly journals Managing major diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using resistance elicitors and protected cultivation

2017 ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Lucia Borines ◽  
Rezel Sagarino ◽  
Fely Cañete ◽  
Elvira Oclarit ◽  
Zenaida Gonzaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Diseases, particularly bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major constraint to vegetable production. Protected cultivation has been proven effective in reducing disease incidence but additional control measures need to be integrated in highly infested soils to mitigate the losses due to diseases. This paper reports the effect of resistance elicitors, particularly chitosan, acetylsalicylic acid and SiO2 in mitigating bacterial wilt disease problem and other naturally occurring diseases in two field trials. Two hundred ppm chitosan, acetylsalicylic acid and their combination had reduced bacterial wilt incidence and increased the yield of tomato under protected cultivation, but not in the open field. SiO2 was not able to reduce bacterial wilt incidence in tomato but had reduced the nematode count, especially Rotylenchulus sp. in the roots, particularly when drenched. Protected cultivation still proved effective in reducing bacterial wilt incidence in both experiments. It’s potential to protect crops against bacterial wilt is further enhanced by the application of chitosan and acetylsalicylic acid, most especially the combination of these treatments. The potential of chitosan and acetylsalicylic acid in protecting plants in the open field against bacterial wilt may be enhanced by the addition of a sticker.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of non-grafted and grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars grown in two cultivation systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 144-156
Author(s):  
Zenaida Gonzaga ◽  
Lester Legaspi ◽  
Lucia Borines ◽  
Othello Capuno ◽  
Jessie Rom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Culinary Uses ◽  
Average Size

Tomato is a high-value vegetable crop because of its broad culinary uses and nutritional values. Its production however is inhibited in some areas with soil-borne disease problems, particularly bacterial wilt. This study was conducted to evaluate the yield, bacterial wilt infection, and profitability of non-grafted and grafted tomato cultivars planted in open field and protected cultivation. Protected cropping of tomato increased number of marketable fruits and total yield by approximately 2 times fold than those grown in open field. Grafting of the cultivars to eggplant significantly reduced bacterial wilt infection such that increased survival among plants resulted to higher yield than non-grafted. The cultivar with biggest fruits was from ‘Kingkong’ while season red had the smallest and other cultivars were in average size of the two. Grafted ‘Diamante max’ cultivar yielded the highest followed by ‘Season red’. Net return of protected cropping tomato was higher than in open field. Non-grafted tomato grown in bacterial wilt infected area was unprofitable. On the other hand, grafting and protected resulted in better yield, gross income and a positive net return. Season red produced the highest income in the open field while Diamante max for protected cultivation. The use of grafted tomato and protective structure are strongly recommended for planting in areas known to have high bacterial wilt.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Lignophenolic Composts for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
C. F. Gleena Mary ◽  
Sally K. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Disease Reduction ◽  
Target Effect ◽  
Cent Disease ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Bacterial wilt is one of the most dreaded diseases in tomato growing areas all over the world. Though chemical control measures and resistance breeding offers certain degree of protection against wilt pathogen, both have their own limitations such as high cost, environmental impact, non target effect and development of resistance. Hence, biologically safe methods such as use of composts as soil amendments for wilt management was investigated in the present study which revealed the possibility of the use of ligno-phenolic composts in disease management. Among the five composts tested, application of ayurvedic compost at 45 days after planting was found to be the most effective with lowest wilt incidence of 6.94 per cent against 36.10 per cent in control, with 80.77 per cent disease reduction. At 60 DAP, same trend was noticed with minimum disease incidence in ayurvedic compost (13.88 %) which was on par with full basal application of leaf litter compost (15.27 %), and coir pith compost (16.66 %) with 86.79 to 60.02 per cent reduction of wilt incidence. In case of yield, among the different composts, split and basal application of ayurvedic compost recorded highest yield of 8.9 kg/6.48 m<sup>2</sup>.

scholarly journals Characterization of Antagonistic Bacillus methylotrophicus Isolated From Rhizosphere and Its Biocontrol Effects on Maize Stalk Rot

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingkai Cheng ◽  
Xiaoxue Ji ◽  
Yanzhen Ge ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Wenzhe Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Bacillus Methylotrophicus ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent

Stalk rot is one of the most serious and widespread diseases in maize, and effective control measures are currently lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new biological agent to manage this disease. An antagonistic bacterial strain, TA-1, was isolated from rhizosphere soil and identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus based on morphological and biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal RNA and gyrB gene sequence analyses. TA-1 exhibited a strong antifungal effect on the growth of Fusarium graminearum mycelium, with 86.3% inhibition at a concentration of 108 CFU per ml. Transmission electron microscopy showed that TA-1 could disrupt the cellular structure of the fungus, induce necrosis, and degrade the cell wall. Greenhouse and field trials were performed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of TA-1 on maize stalk rot, and the results of greenhouse experiment revealed that the bacterium significantly reduced disease incidence and disease index. Seeds treated with a 108 CFU ml−1 cell suspension had the highest disease suppression at 86.8%. Results of field trials show that seed bacterization with TA-1 could not only reduce maize stalk rot incidence but also increase maize height, stem diameter, and grain yield. The lipopeptide antibiotics were isolated from the culture supernatants of TA-1 and identified as surfactins and iturins. Consequently, B. methylotrophicus TA-1 is a potential biocontrol agent against maize stalk rot.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Grafting Using Hybrid Rootstocks for Management of Bacterial Wilt in Field Tomato Production

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore McAvoy ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman ◽  
Steven L. Rideout ◽  
Stephen M. Olson ◽  
Mathews L. Paret
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Seven hybrid tomato rootstocks with possible resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and a known resistant cultivar were tested as grafting rootstocks to impart resistance to a bacterial wilt-susceptible cultivar, BHN 602. Greenhouse studies showed resistance of all the rootstocks to bacterial wilt. The disease incidence and yield of ‘BHN 602’ grafted to these rootstocks were evaluated in open-field tomato production in Florida and Virginia over four seasons. Significant differences in bacterial wilt incidence were observed between grafted entries in three of the four trials. In these three trials, grafted entries consistently exhibited the least bacterial wilt incidence compared with the controls; the self-graft, and non-grafted entries. Over all the trials, tomato plants grafted onto ‘Cheong Gang’, ‘BHN 1054’, and ‘BHN 998’ displayed the least bacterial wilt incidence. Rootstocks had a significant effect on total marketable yield in all the trials with certain grafted entries yielding significantly greater than non-grafted ‘BHN 602’. Field studies show that grafting holds promise for decreasing the impact of bacterial wilt on tomato cultivars as well as increasing the overall productivity of tomato cultivars.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Thymol as Biofumigant for Control of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato Under Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ji ◽  
M. T. Momol ◽  
S. M. Olson ◽  
P. M. Pradhanang ◽  
J. B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Volatile plant essential oils thymol and palmarosa oil, used at a concentration of 0.7%, were evaluated under field conditions for control of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The experimental fields were artificially infested with the bacterial pathogen. Two hours after infestation, the plant essential oils were applied, then the plots were sealed with plastic mulch for 3 or 6 days. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into the field 7 days later. In fall of 2002, 92.5% of tomato plants (cv. Equinox) wilted in the untreated control plots. Both thymol and palmarosa oil soil treatments reduced bacterial wilt incidence significantly. Thymol was more effective than palmarosa oil based on the final assessment, when 33.1 and 48.1% of the plants had wilted in plots treated with thymol and palmarosa oil, respectively. Soil treatment with either thymol or palmarosa oil produced significantly higher yield of tomato than the untreated control. In 2003, only thymol was evaluated. Thymol application significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence on the susceptible cultivar Solar Set. Disease incidence in untreated plots reached 65.5%, while in thymol treated plots only 12% of plants wilted. Thymol treatment also increased yield of Solar Set significantly compared with the untreated control. This is the first report on the use of thymol for controlling a plant disease under field conditions, which indicated that this compound provided effective control of bacterial wilt on susceptible tomato cultivars when used as preplant treatment of soils. Because of its volatile property and broad-spectrum functions, thymol shows potential to be used as a soil biofumigant for the management of various plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Foliar Applications of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Negatively Affect the Yield of Grafted Tomatoes in Fields Infested with Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanju Kunwar ◽  
Mathews L. Paret ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman ◽  
Laura Ritchie ◽  
Stephen M. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Three field experiments were conducted in Florida from 2012-2014 to assess the impact of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a systemic acquired-resistance inducer, applied as foliar spray or through drip-irrigation lines, on bacterial wilt incidence and yield of grafted tomatoes. The experiments were conducted in a field with race 1, biovar 1 strain of Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of tomato bacterial wilt. In all three experiments, the susceptible tomato variety BHN 602, grafted onto a resistant rootstock BHN 998, was compared with nongrafted BHN 602, treated with or without foliar applications of ASM and with grafted plants treated with foliar applications of ASM. In two experiments, an additional treatment of drip applications of ASM on grafted and nongrafted plants was evaluated. Grafting alone or in combination with drip applications of ASM (178.6 μM) significantly reduced disease incidence and increased total marketable yield relative to nongrafted treatments. There were no significant differences between grafted plants with or without drip ASM applications in terms of bacterial wilt incidence or total marketable yield. However, we demonstrate for the first time that foliar ASM applications on grafted plants negatively affects the total marketable yield compared with drip ASM applications on grafted plants or nontreated grafted control.

scholarly journals Investment appraisal and risk assessment of protected vegetable cultivation under Leyte conditions

2017 ◽  
pp. 174-193
Author(s):  
Therese Ratilla ◽  
Moises Neil Seriño
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Investment Appraisal ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
The Government

Protected cropping technology has been introduced to address the inability of farmers to achieve a successful year-round vegetable production. However, small scale farmers are reluctant to adopt this technology due to huge investment costs and the risk associated with extreme weather conditions. Hence, this study was conducted in some parts of Leyte, to evaluate the profitability and assess the risk of protected and open-field cultivation during the occurrence of extreme weather conditions such as tropical cyclones and strong wind phenomena. Results show that protected cultivation generates higher yields compared to open field cultivation. In Baybay site, investment on steel-type high-strength-tunnel covered with polyethylene plastic is the most viable option as it attained the highest net present values (NPVs), benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) and internal rate of return (IRRs). It also has the earliest payback period across different climatic scenarios. At the Cabintan site, the low-tunnel-structure is the most viable when a high-end market is established. This implies that market outlet is one of the critical factors affecting profitability and pricing. Given the potential of protected cultivation in minimizing crop failures, it is recommended that the government and private sector shall extend financial and technical assistance to farmers. Investors shall be covered with crop and structure insurances as risk of crop failures and loss of capital is high during inclement weather conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Potential of Protected Cultivation for Off-Season Leafy Vegetable Production: Prospects for Crop Productivity and Nutritional Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Ramasamy ◽  
Mei-Ying Lin ◽  
Wan-Jen Wu ◽  
Hsin-I Wang ◽  
Paola Sotelo-Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Production Conditions

The effects of different protective structures on horticultural and nutritional yield of amaranth and water spinach were studied in three seasons of 2020–2021 in Taiwan. The number of people that can receive recommended dietary intake of iron and β-Carotene from vegetables grown under different production conditions was also estimated. The yield of white and red amaranths was consistently better (7.68–19.70 t/ha) under pink poly-net house in all the seasons, but the yield of water spinach was consistently better under white poly-net house (16.25–20.88 t/ha). Spider mite (fall &amp; spring) and aphid (winter) infestation was mostly observed on all crops under poly-net houses. Neoxanthin, lutein and β-carotene were almost two-fold higher in red amaranth harvested from poly-net houses than open field. Based on the RDI values, β-Carotene supply to both men and women (14+) was consistently higher in all crops produced under pink ploy-net houses in all seasons, except for white amaranth produced under white poly-net house during winter. Its supply to 64,788 more men and 83,298 more women was estimated for red amaranth harvested from pink poly-net house than other production conditions. α-carotene was 2–3 fold higher in amaranths and water spinach harvested from poly-net houses than open field. The iron content of the amaranths was lower in poly-net houses (234.50–574.04 g/ha) than open field (645.42–881.67 g/ha) in the fall, but its supply from pink poly-net house was comparable with open field in the winter. However, pink poly-net house was the highest iron supplier from water spinach (323.90 g/ha) in the winter, which was estimated to provide iron to 19,450–22,939 more men and women than other production conditions. Both poly-net houses were the sole supplier of iron through amaranths in the spring, with pink poly-net house supplying iron to 2,000–5,000 more men and women. Thus, protected cultivation not only leads to more marketable yields but also results in higher quantities of health promoting nutrients. Hence, pink poly-net house may be considered to produce more nutritious vegetables, especially during the off-season to bridge the gaps in the seasonal variations in vegetable consumption, besides providing better income opportunities to the smallholder farmers.

scholarly journals BACTERIAL WILT INCIDENCE IN TOMATO AS AFFECTED BY CULTIVAR AND THE DEPTH OF LIME INCORPORATION.

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 268F-268
Author(s):  
R. Ssonkko ◽  
S.J. Locascio ◽  
R.E. Stall ◽  
D.N. Maynard
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Wilt Incidence

A single lime application of 5.4 t/ha per 20 cm increment of soil to a depth of 60 cm controlled bacterial wilt (Psendomonas solanacearum E. Smith) up to 2 years in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growing in a naturally infested soil. `Sunny' with 64% disease incidence, was the most susceptible, `Capitan' (20%) was intermediate, and `Caraibo' (5%) and `Hawaii 7997' (2%) were the least susceptible. Incorporation of lime 40 to 60 cm deep reduced bacterial wilt incidence in 'Capitan' by 75%, and 60% in `Sunny'. The number of bacteria in the soil was not affected by lime treatment. Soil pH and total Caincreased linearly with time and with depth of lime incorporation. Bacterial wilt control in `Sunny' and `Capitan' was associated with an increase in pH. Liming to 40 or 60 cm generally increased leaf Ca and decreased Mn, Zn, and Cu. `Hawaii 7997' contained significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K, and lower Cu compared to 'Sunny'. `Hawaii 7997' produced significantly higher yields than the other cultivars. Deep lime incorporation increased fruit weight of `Sunny' by 184% and 'Capitan' by 79% as compared with 0 lime.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Potential of Chitin and Chitosan Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Pupal Exuviae against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Violah Jepkogei Kemboi ◽  
Carolyne Kipkoech ◽  
Moses Njire ◽  
Samuel Were ◽  
Mevin Kiprotich Lagat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Pupal Exuviae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

Globally, Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) is ranked one of the most destructive bacterial pathogens inducing rapid and fatal wilting symptoms on tomatoes. Yield losses on tomatoes vary from 0 to 91% and most control measures are unaffordable to resource-poor farmers. This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly (BSF) pupal exuviae against R. solanacearum. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques were used to isolate and characterize R. solanacearum for in vitro pathogenicity test using disc diffusion technique. Our results revealed that BSF chitosan significantly inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum when compared to treatments without chitosan. However, there was no significant difference in the antibacterial activities between BSF and commercial chitosan against R. solanacearum. Soil amended with BSF-chitin and chitosan demonstrated a reduction in bacterial wilt disease incidence by 30.31% and 34.95%, respectively. Whereas, disease severity was reduced by 22.57% and 23.66%, when inoculated tomato plants were subjected to soil amended with BSF chitin and chitosan, respectively. These findings have demonstrated that BSF pupal shells are an attractive renewable raw material for the recovery of valuable products (chitin and chitosan) with promising ability as a new type of eco-friendly control measure against bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. Further studies should explore integrated pest management options that integrate multiple components including insect-based chitin and chitosan to manage bacterial wilt diseases, contributing significantly to increased tomato production worldwide.

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