scholarly journals Plant Disease Diagnostic Capabilities in Venezuela: Implications for Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgloris Marys ◽  
Ligia Carolina Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities

Venezuela is currently experiencing the most severe humanitarian crisis in the Americas of this century. Little food is being produced locally, despite the population's right to food. Plant disease outbreaks are causing substantial declines in major staple food and cash crops, and this impacts on rural livelihoods, and poses a significant and growing threat to the already complex food insecurity crisis in the country. Nonetheless, phytosanitary services and hence the control of plant pests and diseases have been substantially weakened over the recent years as a consequence of the collapse of the economy and the substantial deterioration of government services. Therefore, most of the pathogens associated with symptoms-causing diseases remain unidentified or uncharacterized, and no surveillance or crop protection strategies have been implemented. In this review, we address the country's issues and challenges in diagnosing, monitoring and managing plant diseases to restore national food security.

scholarly journals The persistent threat of emerging plant disease pandemics to global food security

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2022239118
Author(s):  
Jean B. Ristaino ◽  
Pamela K. Anderson ◽  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Kate A. Brauman ◽  
Nik J. Cunniffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Detection Technologies

Plant disease outbreaks are increasing and threaten food security for the vulnerable in many areas of the world. Now a global human pandemic is threatening the health of millions on our planet. A stable, nutritious food supply will be needed to lift people out of poverty and improve health outcomes. Plant diseases, both endemic and recently emerging, are spreading and exacerbated by climate change, transmission with global food trade networks, pathogen spillover, and evolution of new pathogen lineages. In order to tackle these grand challenges, a new set of tools that include disease surveillance and improved detection technologies including pathogen sensors and predictive modeling and data analytics are needed to prevent future outbreaks. Herein, we describe an integrated research agenda that could help mitigate future plant disease pandemics.

scholarly journals Scientific evidence of sustainable plant disease protection strategies for oats in Sweden: a systematic map

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Vilvert ◽  
Åke Olson ◽  
Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar ◽  
Jonas Törngren ◽  
Anna Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Protection Strategies

Abstract Background Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important cereal crop for livestock feed and human consumption. The largest oat-producing countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere with Sweden as the tenth largest producer. Oat production is challenged by different diseases that can lead to significant yield reductions and impaired grain quality. The use of efficient and sustainable plant protection management is of great economic and ecological importance. The systematic map in this study aims to provide a knowledge base inventory and to identify areas that need to be researched in the future in terms of plant disease management for more sustainable oat production. Methods Literature searches were conducted in both academic bibliographic databases and relevant online sources of grey literature. A time-span restriction of 40 years (1978–2018) was applied to the searches. English was used in all searches, and Swedish, Norwegian and Danish languages were used in the grey literature searches. The screening process, which followed a protocol with eligibility criteria, was conducted at three levels: title, abstract and full text. Metadata incorporating bibliographic information, study location, climatic zone, disease name, the common and scientific names of the disease-causing organism, pathogen type, intervention and management methods, diseased plant part, plant stage, and outcome were extracted from the studies and included in the systematic map. The systematic map findings are visualized in figures and tables and described. All included studies can be found in a searchable database. Review findings A total of 58 eligible articles, most (n = 51) from scientific journals published in English, were included in the systematic map. A majority of the studies were conducted in the Northern Hemisphere in temperate climatic zones, where most of the world’s oats are produced. The earliest article was published in 1980, followed by an oscillating temporal distribution of articles over the following years. By country, Canada had the highest number of articles, and by region, Europe had the highest number. Fungi were the most studied pathogen type, and a total of 16 different diseases were reported. Fusarium head blight (Fusarium spp.) and crown rust (Puccinia coronata) were the most studied diseases. In total, 17 different intervention management approaches for controlling the diseases were analyzed in the articles, with cultivar resistance and pesticide application as the most studied methods. Conclusion The map highlights the low quantity of available relevant field research on oat disease management. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic map of crop protection. This map provides a database of scientific literature that can be used to develop sustainable disease management strategies. The method used in this study has great potential and can also be used to benefit other crops. Research is often based on the availability of funding, and this map could be a useful tool for researchers and funding organizations to identify relevant research topics that need to be further studied. In addition, this systematic map offers a useful tool for field-based advisors in providing scientifically relevant crop protection strategies for farmers.

scholarly journals RICE PLANT DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING TRANSFER LEARNING OF DEEP CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 631-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Shrivastava ◽  
M. K. Pradhan ◽  
S. Minz ◽  
M. P. Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Identification System

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Early and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is a vital step in the crop protection system. In traditional practices, identification is performed either by visual observation or by testing in laboratory. The visual observation requires expertise and it may vary subject to an individual which may lead to an error while the laboratory test is time consuming and may not be able to provide the results in time. To overcome these issues, image based machine learning approach to detect and classify plant diseases has been presented in literature. We have focused specifically on rice plant (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) disease in this paper. The images of the diseased symptoms in leaves and stems have been captured from the rice field. We have collected a total of 619 rice plant diseased images from the real field condition belong to four classes:(a) Rice Blast (RB), (b) Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), (c) Sheat Blight (SB) and (d) Healthy Leave (HL). We have used a pre-trained deep convolutional neural network(CNN) as a feature extractor and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a classifier. We have obtained encouraging results. The early identification of rice diseases by this approach could be used as a preventive measure well as an early warning system. Further, it could be extended to develop a rice plant disease identification system on real agriculture field.</p>

scholarly journals Surveillance of airborne plant disease dissemination at continental scale using air mass trajectory analysis and network theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Radici ◽  
Davide Martinetti ◽  
Daniele Bevacqua
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Meteorological Features

Sustainable management of plant disease outbreaks in agriculture is one of the main challenges of the next years to restore economic and environmental viability of farming practices. Improving early-detection capabilities and disease surveillance is increasingly seen as an obligate step to design appropriate and effective prophylactic measures. In this context, plant diseases caused by wind-dispersed pathogens represent a peculiar case of study, since they are particularly complex and hard to observe directly, especially if compared to other dissemination means, and demand for a multidisciplinary approach to be dealt with. Wind dispersal could imply a geographic differentiation in pathogens spreading potential, due to the emerging of local meteorological features. In this work we analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of wind connectivity in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in order to identify possible pathways of Puccinia graminis spores, the causal agent of stem rust of wheat. By running backwards Lagrangian simulations merging a biological layer coupled with a pathogen viability model, we investigate possible long-distance connections between regions in the study area across different seasons. We characterized these regions in terms of network centrality indicators to identify possible spreaders of stem rust of wheat, founding that Central and Western European regions appears to provide highest connectivity for the spread of P. graminis.

The Role of Crop Protection in Sustainable Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production to Alleviate Global Starvation Problem: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijjani Ahmadu ◽  
Adamu Abdullahi ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Pests And Diseases

Among food crops in terms of consumption, potato ranks fourth, most important and valuable crop worldwide in terms of production and area harvested after maize, wheat and rice. In the coming years, potato production must keep pace with global population expansion nutritiously and sustainably which can partially be achieved by reducing the yield losses caused by the destructive pest and disease activities to the crop. The challenge of 70–80% total microbial crop yield loss posed by pathogens must be addressed for sustainable potato production in order to properly alleviate the global starvation problem. Potato as a food security crop can help to achieve the four food security requirements: food availability, quality, accessibility and stability. Health benefits of potato have shown the presence of phytochemicals as well as resistant starch which serve as anticancer and antidiabetic. The role of potato in the global food security should not be over emphasized, hence in this chapter we want to give an overview on the global hunger and food security at present, and the role played by potato as a food security crop. In addition, potato yield losses caused by pests and diseases especially phytopathogens, their etiology and the role of crop protection in sustainable potato production to alleviate global starvation problem will be discussed.

Future outlook on microbial bioprotectants in agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 669-690
Author(s):  
Willem J. Ravensberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
The Future

Microbial bioprotectants have the potential to play a major role in the future of crop protection. Agriculture needs to become more sustainable and still provide food security within planetary borders. New technologies and scientific discoveries can unravel the interactions between the plant, the microbiome and the soil and provide new opportunities for crop protection and more resilient cropping systems. Regulatory issues delay and hamper exploitation and research of genetic resources. This chapter describes the factors that promote the use of microbial bioprotectants as well as those that hamper their further adoption. A sustainable and resilient agriculture depends on the microbial interactions between plants in promoting plant growth and combatting biotic and abiotic threats. The transition to a resilient agriculture requires big changes in policy, regulation and farming practices. This chapter assesses the future outlook for the methods for controlling plant diseases described in this book as well as the factors determining their uptake and success.

scholarly journals Agrometeorology and plant disease management: a happy marriage

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (spe) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry James Gillespie ◽  
Paulo Cesar Sentelhas
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Happy Marriage ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Weather Models

Many plant disease outbreaks are triggered by suitably warm temperatures during periods of leaf wetness. Measurements or estimations of leaf wetness duration provided by Agrometeorologists have allowed Plant Pathologists to devise weather timed spray schemes which often reduce the number of sprays required to control plant diseases, thus lowering costs and benefitting the environment. In the near future, tools such as numerical weather models with small grid spacings, and improved weather radar, are expected to reduce the need for tight networks of surface observations. The weather models will also provide growers with forecast warnings of potential upcoming disease outbreaks, which will further enhance the contribution of agrometeorology to plant disease management.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PRIOMS OF POTATO ROTATION ON PRODUCT QUALITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Natalya Pinchuk ◽  
Pavlo Verheles ◽  
Tatiana Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Potato Rotation ◽  
New Generation

Potatoes are a universal crop, also called "second bread", because the level of consumption of this vegetable in the country is very high. It is, at the same time, a foodstuff, raw material for the processing industry, high quality livestock feed and a source of cash for farms and households. In terms of consumption and geographical spread, potatoes occupy one of the leading positions in the structure of food production in Ukraine. In the Vinnytsia region, the area of potatoes occupies 115-118 thousand hectares and the average yield is 120-130 cts / ha, which is several times less potential of this crop. One of the reasons for the low yield of potatoes is the harmfulness of pests and diseases. The most common diseases of potatoes include blight, which is steadily developing and is able to reduce the yield of tubers, their quality. In Ukraine, crop losses from it account for 16-22%, and in the years of epiphytoties can reach 50%. The evaluation of plant diseases is one of the most important and often the most challenging tasks in the epidemiology of plant diseases. Damage to plants by phytophages and pathogens can very quickly result in complete loss of the crop if there is insufficient crop protection. This article confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of modern-day protector tubers and the use of new generation growth promoters and fungicides during the cultivation of tubers. This article confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of modern-day protector tubers and the use of new generation growth promoters and fungicides during the cultivation of tubers. To obtain a crop of potato varieties Povin 285,7 c/ha, which is 58,2 c/ha more than the control, it is necessary to carry out the cultivation of tubers before disembarking the detergent Emesto quantum 273,5 FS, TN, in the rate of 1.2 l of the preparation per ton of planting material, and a growth promoter of Rostock (3 l/t), as well as spraying during the vegetation of plants with fungicides Antracol 70 WP, RF (1,0 kg/ha), Nativo 75 WG, VG (0,3 kg/ha) , Infinito 687.5 SC, COP (1.0 l/ha) and Rostock Bohr and Rostock Iron (1.5 l/ha). Keywords: potatoes, pathogens, pathogens, fungicides, efficiency.

scholarly journals ESforRPD2: Expert System for Rice Plant Disease Diagnosis

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1902
Author(s):  
Fahrul Agus ◽  
Muh. Ihsan ◽  
Dyna Marisa Khairina ◽  
Krishna Purnawan Candra
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Unified Modelling Language ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Plant Disease Diagnosis

One of the factors causing rice production disturbance in Indonesia is the lack of knowledge of farmers on early symptoms of rice plant diseases. These diseases are increasingly rampant because of the lack of experts. This study aimed to overcome this problem by providing an Expert System that helps farmers to make early diagnosis of rice plant diseases. Data of rice plant pests and diseases in 2016 were taken from Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia using an in-depth survey, and rice experts from the Department of Food Crops and Horticulture of East Kalimantan Province were recruited for the project. The Expert System for Rice Plant Disease Diagnosis, ESforRPD2, was developed based on the pest and disease experiences of the rice experts, and uses a Waterfall Paradigm and Unified Modelling Language. This Expert System can detect 48 symptoms and 8 types of diseases of rice plants from 16 data tests with an accuracy of 87.5%. ESforRPD2 is available in Indonesian at: http://esforrpd2.blog.unmul.ac.id

Looking at Neonicotinoid Insecticides: Environmental Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
Monika Koul ◽  
Netra Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
The Impact

The recent “Global report on Food Crises” published by Food Security Information Network (FSIN, 2017) calls for intervention in methods and technologies to improve the quality and timeliness of food security and tackle the present food crises. India has a huge challenge to feed 1.32 billion and it is a daunting task. Droughts and other meteorological phenomena including, climate change, increase in pollution levels and spread of plant diseases and pests are some of the most common problems that continue to have an impact on food production. In order to manage crop diseases and reduce crop losses, low cost broadspectrum insecticides have been synthesized. Farmers are using these both in situ and ex situ to save the crops and minimize the losses. However, all major pesticides have been found to have detrimental effects on social insects, and insects develop resistance to these after consistent and rampant use. Prolonged residence time of these in the environment also have harmful health implications and sometimes cause irreversible damage to human health. Therefore, time and again scientists are at look out for novel products and chemicals that can help in managing pests. The use and discovery of neonicotinoids proved to be a novel innovative method in diseases management of major crops. The newly discovered family of pesticides is attributed with various properties that are inherently different from other pesticides, and have the potential to kill a bouquet of crop pests including those that affect fruits, vegetables, fish and veterinary without conferring any resistance to them. However, the rampant use of neonicotinoids for crop protection has resulted in many unforeseen environmental problems. It is important to look for alternatives for the existing ones to tackle the human health problems. Scientists are also looking at decreasing the doses and treatment methods to reduce the impact on agro-ecosystems. A paradigm shift is required in crop management practices and indiscriminate use has to be stopped. Discovery of new generation neonicotinoids with interdisciplinary approach is one of the ways to tackle the present problems and meet the future challenges. Though, there are evidences that these novel formulations show developmental neurotoxicity, the dosage and frequency of applications show variable response. Research in this field is further required to substantiate the evidences of these insecticides to be safe to environment.

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