scholarly journals Discrepancy Between In-clinic and Haemagglutination-Inhibition Tests in Detecting Maternally-Derived Antibodies Against Canine Parvovirus in Puppies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Dall'Ara ◽  
Stefania Lauzi ◽  
Joel Filipe ◽  
Roberta Caseri ◽  
Michela Beccaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Test Serum

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common causes of mortality in puppies worldwide. Protection against CPV infection is based on vaccination, but maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) can interfere with vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of an in-clinic ELISA test to assess the CPV MDA in unvaccinated puppies and CPV antibodies in bitches, comparing the results with the gold standard haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Serum samples of 136 unvaccinated puppies were tested, along with sera of 16 vaccinated bitches. Five unvaccinated puppies were retested after vaccination. Both assays showed that the 16 vaccinated bitches had protective antibody levels against CPV. Conversely, significant discrepancies were observed for the MDA titers in unvaccinated puppies. Protective MDA titers were observed in 91.9% puppies using HI and in 40.4% by the in-clinic ELISA test, and only the latter one showed a decrease of MDA titers and percentages of protected puppies after the first weeks of age. Vaccination of five puppies with high HI and low in-clinic ELISA MDA titers resulted in seroconversion. Our results confirm the reliability of the in-clinic ELISA test in determining protective antibodies against CPV in adult dogs. Our findings also suggest that the in-clinic ELISA test kit may also be a useful tool to detect and quantify CPV MDA, thus allowing prediction of the best time to vaccinate puppies and reduction of the rate of vaccination failures due to interference by maternally-derived antibodies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vaccination Strategy Against Rabies in Hong Kong Macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Nekouei ◽  
Paolo Martelli ◽  
Sophie St-Hilaire ◽  
Hui Suk Wai ◽  
Karthiyani Krishnasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Antibody Levels

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that can affect all mammals. Following the directives of the rabies ordinance of the Government of Hong Kong, all wild macaques captured under an ongoing sterilization program (since 2000) were vaccinated against rabies. The main objective of this study was to assess the serological response to rabies vaccination in the population of Hong Kong macaques. An inactivated rabies vaccine was subcutaneously administered to captured macaques under anesthesia. In a 2015 field survey, blood samples from the animals were collected and stored in -80℃ freezer. In July 2021, all frozen sera from vaccinated animals were prepared and tested for antibodies against rabies virus using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The test results were dichotomized at the recommended cut-off point of the test kit. Sixty-five samples from the vaccinated macaques were available for this study. All of these animals had received at least one dose of vaccine (1 vaccination) between 2008 and 2015. The interval between the 1 vaccination and blood sampling dates ranged from 21 to 2,779 days. Only five of the 65 macaques had a second vaccination record at the time of sampling; all five had high antibody levels. Among the remaining macaques, 77% (46/60) were positive for rabies antibodies. No specific association was observed between the post-vaccination period and the antibody titer of these macaques and no adverse reactions to vaccination were reported. The current vaccination strategy in Hong Kong macaques appears to effectively elicit rabies antibodies in a high proportion of macaque populations in the wild (78-87%). However, reaching the precise level of protection against a potential challenge with the virus should further be investigated.

scholarly journals Variations in the detection of anti-PEDV antibodies in serum samples using three diagnostic tests – short communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Plut ◽  
Ivan Toplak ◽  
Marina Štukelj
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
P Value ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blocking Elisa ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Over the last few years several porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) outbreaks have been discovered in Europe including the first PED case in Slovenia in January 2015. The aim of this study was to determine when PED virus (PEDV) infection started in Slovenia. Serum samples collected between 2012 and 2016 were tested. Three hundred and seventy-five serum samples were collected from 132 Slovenian small, one-site pig farms. Samples were tested for PEDV antibodies utilising three different serological methods: commercially-available indirect ELISA, in-house blocking ELISA test and Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) test. One hundred and seventy (45.33%) tested samples were found positive by the commercially-available ELISA test kit, and 10 (5.68%) of these 170 samples found positive were positive by the in-house blocking ELISA. Only these 10 samples were collected from a farm where clinical signs of PED infection had been observed and PEDV was confirmed by RT-PCR methodology; the other 160 samples were collected randomly. Thirty-two samples with the highest S/P value obtained with the commercial ELISA were all negative with IPMA. Reasons for the high variance in the results obtained remain unclear; more research is required to ensure higher sensitivity and specificity in terms of PEDV antibody tests and other PED diagnostic methods.

scholarly journals Current situation of the presence of the zoonotic nematode Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and humans in Bucaramanga, Colombia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Victoria Esteban-Mendoza ◽  
Víctor Arcila-Quiceno ◽  
J. Albarracín-Navas ◽  
Isabel Hernández ◽  
C. Flechas Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Circulating Antigens ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background: Cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a zoonotic, vector-borne infection, whose main hosts are both domestic and wild canids and which can be transmitted to humans. It mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical climates, and temperature and humidity are the main factors that favor the presence and proliferation of Culicidae mosquitoes. There have been few reports of this disease in dogs and humans in Colombia, a region with favorable climatic conditions for the development of this disease. Therefore, this research aimed to study its current prevalence in dogs and the risk of human exposure to the disease in Bucaramanga, one of the most populated areas in Colombia located at the center of the country. Furthermore, its demographic and environmental characteristics could be useful as a study model for other similar locations and neighboring countries. Method: Serum samples from 351 dogs and 506 humans from the Bucaramanga metropolitan area were analyzed. All dog samples were tested with a commercial immunochromatographic test kit to detect the presence of circulating antigens of D. immitis. Human samples were analyzed using a non-commercial ELISA test kit to detect IgG against the somatic antigens of adult D. immitis and Wolbachia. Positive results were further confirmed using a Western blot analysis. Results: Dirofilaria immitis prevalence was 10.82% (95% CI) in dogs and 5.12% (95% CI) in microfilaremic dogs. Seroprevalence in humans was 6.71% (95% CI) and was significantly higher in individuals aged 16–34 years and in women than in men. Conclusions: This study describes seropositivity to D. immitis for the first time in a Colombian human population located in the same area as that of dogs infected with D. immitis, which represents a potential threat to public health. In humans, age and sex can be considered risk factors for exposure to D. immitis.

scholarly journals Relationship between Anti-European Brown Hare Syndrome Serological Titers and Brown Hare (Lepus europaeusPallas) Densities

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisella Paci ◽  
Antonio Lavazza ◽  
Marco Ferretti ◽  
Francesco Santilli ◽  
Marco Bagliacca
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Brown Hare ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
European Brown Hare ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
European Brown Hare Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Levels

Thirty-three protected wild game reproduction areas, located in the province of Florence (Central Italy), were monitored for habitat characteristics and hare census over a period of 2 years. A total of 172 hares was captured, checked for sex, and age, and blood samples were taken. Serum samples were analyzed by competitive ELISA test for detection and titration of anti-European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) antibodies. Results showed that EBHSV seropositive hares from areas with high and medium population densities had higher antibody titers than those coming from low-density areas and that adults showed lower values than young animals. Anti-EBHSV antibody levels were inversely related to the distances between protected areas and private hunting areas while a high density of protected areas was not associated with any similarity in the values or prevalence of EBHSV.

scholarly journals Serological survey of canine parvovirus 2 antibody titres in breeding kennels in northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Rota ◽  
Andrea Dogliero ◽  
Elvira Muratore ◽  
Paola Pregel ◽  
Angela Del Carro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Antibody Titres

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend parvovirus revaccination of adult dogs no more frequently than every 3 years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dogs showing protective serum antibody titres against canine parvovirus 2 in breeding kennels in Northern Italy and to assess the effect of time from vaccination and the sex of the dog on antibody titres. The study was carried out on 370 animals of different breeds kept in 33 breeding kennels. Antibodies to canine parvovirus 2 in serum samples were measured with an indirect immunoenzymatic assay validated by the manufacturer in relation to the ‘gold standard’ haemagglutination inhibition test. The number of months that had elapsed since the last vaccination was calculated for each animal and categorized into the following classes: < 12 months; 13–24 months; 25–36 months; 37–48 months; and > 49 months. Results The prevalence of ‘unprotected’ dogs was 4.6%. A satisfactory solid herd immunity was present in the majority of breeding kennels, although some vaccination failures were detected. A significant negative correlation was found between antibody titre and months since last vaccination. Comparable antibody titres were found in the first 3 years after vaccination. Although the antibody titre over time was not affected by the sex of the dog, ‘unprotected’ females had been vaccinated more recently than males with analogous low titres. Conclusions Parvovirus revaccination of adult dogs every 3 years, as currently recommended, is also the appropriate recommendation for breeding kennels. Serological tests could be a useful tool to assess the effectiveness of vaccination.

scholarly journals Comparison of a Clinic-Based ELISA Test Kit with the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test for AssayingLeishmania infantumAntibodies in Dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Proverbio ◽  
Eva Spada ◽  
Luciana Baggiani ◽  
Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi ◽  
Roberta Perego
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Test Kit

This study compares a rapid Immunospecific Kalazar Canine Rapid Spot IF with the gold standard test (indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)) for detection ofLeishmania infantumspecific IgG serum antibodies in naturally exposed dogs. Serum samples were obtained from 89 healthy dogs and dogs affected by canine leishmaniosis (CanL). IgG-IFAT titers ≥80 were considered positive. Anti-L. infantumIgG antibodies were found in 54 samples with titers ranging from 1 : 80 to 1 : 5120. The performance of the rapid Immunospecific Kalazar was evaluated using a ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve of 0.957 was significantly different from 0.5 (), and therefore it can be concluded that the rapid Immunospecific Kalazar has the ability to distinguish canine sera with and withoutL. infantumIgG. The best performance of the test was at a cutoff >0 (sensitivity 92.6%, specificity 97%). The test can be used for disease screening if the cutoff is >0 (highest sensitivity, 92.6%) and is recommended as confirmatory test for the presence ofL. infantumIgG antibodies if the cutoff is set >2 (highest specificity, 100%).

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF COXIELLA BURNETII INFECTION IN CATTLE, BLACK BENGAL GOATS AND TICKS IN BANGLADESH

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chakrabartty ◽  
P. K. Bhattacharjee ◽  
R. R. Sarker ◽  
A. K. M. A. Rahman ◽  
K. Henning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cattle Serum

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants and to detect Coxiella burnetii DNA from ticks and serum samples. A total of 24 ticks, 91 goats and 81 cattle serum samples with the history of abortion and reproductive disorders were collected from the different areas in Bangladesh. The serum samples were tested by CHEKIT Q-Fever Antibody ELISA Test Kit and Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected by multiplex quantitative real- time PCR. The overall prevalence was 7.6% and 6.1% in goats and cattle, respectively. However, none of seropositive samples and tick samples was positive in quantitative real-time PCR.

scholarly journals Evidence of increased carriage of Corynebacterium spp. in healthy individuals with low antibody titres against diphtheria toxoid

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BERGAMINI ◽  
P. FABRIZI ◽  
S. PAGANI ◽  
A. GRILLI ◽  
R. SEVERINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Female Carriers ◽  
Apparently Healthy

This study evaluated whether a correlation exists between carriage of corynebacteria and the lack of immunity to diphtheria toxoid. Samples of both nasal and pharyngeal secretions were taken from 500 apparently healthy subjects of both sexes and of all ages and inoculated onto Tinsdale's medium. A serum sample was also taken for ELISA test to determine the titre of diphtheria toxin antibodies. None of the subjects carried Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Ninety-three strains of Corynebacterium spp. were isolated from 93 subjects and 86 of these were classified to species or group level by biochemical tests. C. xerosis was the most common (25·8%) followed by C. pseudodiphthericum (16·1%), C. jeikeium and C. striatum (both 10·8%), and C. urealyticum (9·7%). Three other species accounted for approximately 20% of strains and seven were unclassified as biochemically atypical corynebacteria. Non-protective antibodies to diphtheria toxin were found in 80 of the 93 subjects and a strong statistical association was demonstrated between carriage of corynebacteria and non-protective levels of anti-toxin antibodies. The remaining 13 subjects had protective levels of antitoxin antibodies. In contrast, only 45 of the 407 non-colonized subjects had non-protective antitoxin titres. The prevalence of carriage increased with age among males as did the percentage of non-protected subjects. The prevalence of female carriers of corynebacteria was significantly lower. Serum samples from 12 subjects with different antibody titres to diphtheria toxoid reacted to varying degrees with whole-cell lysates of a number of species of corynebacteria. The results suggest that a causal relationship may exist between nasopharyngeal carriage of corynebacteria and a low anti-diphtheria toxin immune response.

Current situation of the presence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and humans in Bucaramanga, Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Victoria Esteban-Mendoza ◽  
Víctor Arcila-Quiceno ◽  
Javier Hernando Albarracín-Navas ◽  
Isabel Hernández ◽  
María Camila Flechas-Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Circulating Antigens

Abstract Background: The cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is a vector-born infection, which can be transmitted to humans. The main host are both domestic and wild canids. It mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical climates, temperature and humidity are the main factors that favor the presence and proliferation of Culicidae mosquitoes. There are few reports of this disease in dogs and humans in Colombia, a region with favorable climatic conditions for the development of this disease. Therefore, this research aimed to study its current prevalence in dogs and the risk of human exposure to the disease in Bucaramanga, one of the most populated areas in Colombia located at the center of the country. Furthermore, its demographic and environmental characteristics could be useful as a study model for other similar locations and neighboring countries.Method: Serum samples from 351 dogs and 506 humans from the Bucaramanga metropolitan area were analyzed. All dog samples were tested with a commercial immunochromatographic test kit to detect the presence of circulating antigens of D. immitis. Human samples were analyzed using a non-commercial ELISA test kit to detect IgG against the somatic antigens of adult D. immitis and Wolbachia. Positive results were further confirmed using a Western blot analysis.Results: Dirofilaria immitis prevalence was 10.82% (95% CI) in dogs and 5.12% (95% CI) in microfilaremic dogs. Seroprevalence in humans was 6.71% (95% CI) and was significantly higher in individuals aged 16–34 years and in women than in men.Conclusions:This study describes seropositivity to D. immitis for the first time in a Colombian human population located in the same area as that of dogs infected with D. immitis, which represents a potential threat to public health. In humans, age and sex can be considered risk factors for exposure to D. immitis.

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