scholarly journals Evaluation of Potency and Duration of Immunity Elicited by a Multivalent FMD Vaccine for Use in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith R. M. Peta ◽  
M. M. Sirdar ◽  
Peter van Bavel ◽  
P. B. Mutowembwa ◽  
N. Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Multivalent Vaccine ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers

South Africa (SA) experiences sporadic foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks irrespective of routine prophylactic vaccinations of cattle using imported commercial vaccines. The problem could be mitigated by preparation of vaccines from local virus strains related to those circulating in the endemically infected buffalo populations in the Kruger National Park (KNP). This study demonstrates the individual number of protective doses (PD) of five vaccine candidate strains after homologous virus challenge, as well as the vaccines safety and onset of humoral immunity in naïve cattle. Furthermore, the duration of post-vaccination immunity over a 12-month period is shown, when a multivalent vaccine prepared from the five strains is administered as a primary dose with or without booster vaccinations. The five monovalent vaccines were shown to contain a 50% PD between 4 and 32, elicit humoral immunity with antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 from day 7 post-vaccination, and cause no adverse reactions. Meanwhile, the multivalent vaccine elicited antibody titers ≥2.0 log10 and clinical protection up to 12 months when one or two booster vaccinations were administered within 6 months of the primary vaccination. An insignificant difference between the application of one or two booster vaccinations was revealed. Owing to the number of PDs, we anticipate that the multivalent vaccine could be used successfully for prophylactic and emergency vaccinations without adjustment of the antigen payloads. Furthermore, a prophylactic vaccination regimen comprising primary vaccination of naïve cattle followed by two booster vaccinations 1.5 and 6 months later could potentially maintain herd immunity over a period of 12 months.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of a commercial Salmonella enteritidis vaccine in layer birds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nasrin ◽  
M. S. R. Khan ◽  
M. A. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Group A

Background: The aged birds are known to induce good immunity against Salmonella enteritidisas compared to young. To judge this hypothesis layer birds at 42 and 49 days old were vaccinated with AVI Pro®109SE4 vaccine and immune response in terms of antibody titers was measured. Methods: A composition of antibody production in vaccinated chicken was performed following a usual vaccination schedule with a newly suggested vaccination schedule. To study the immunogenicity of vaccine a total of 15 chickenswere divided into three groups. Each group comprised of 5 layer chicken. Chicken in group A and B were vaccinated with AVI Pro®109SE4 vaccine with a dose of 0.5ml/bird through SC route. Primary vaccination was performed at 42 days and 49 days of age respectively and booster vaccination was given at 72 days and 79 days of age respectively. Blood samples were collected to obtain sera from each chicken at every 7 days interval up to 93 days post vaccination for the determination of antibody titer using microplate agglutination test. Results: Highest mean antibody titers were recorded as179.20±70.11and 307.20±114.49 in birds of group A and B respectively. The highest mean antibody titer was recorded as 307.20±114.49 in chicken at 21 days post vaccination with AVI Pro®109SE4 vaccine using newly suggested schedule as compared to usual schedule of vaccination. Conclusions: Primary vaccination at birds at 49 days (newly planned vaccination schedule) of age induced better immune response as compared to birds vaccinated at 42 days of age.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the SAT serotypes

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cloete ◽  
B. Dungu ◽  
L.I. Van Staden ◽  
N. Ismail-Cassim ◽  
W. Vosloo
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Aluminium Hydroxide Gel ◽  
Sat 1

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in South Africa. Vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (AS) adjuvanted vaccines containing the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlling outbreaks in the free zone. Various vaccine formulations containing antigens derived from the SAT serotypes were tested in cattle that were challenged 1 year later. Both the AS and ISA 206B vaccines adjuvanted with saponin protected cattle against virulent virus challenge. The oilbased ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine with and without stimulators was evaluated in a field trial and both elicited antibody responses that lasted for 1 year. Furthermore, the ISA 206 adjuvanted FMD vaccine protected groups of cattle against homologous virus challenge at very low payloads, while pigs vaccinated with an emergency ISA 206B-based FMD vaccine containing the SAT 1 vaccine strains were protected against the heterologous SAT 1 outbreak strain.

scholarly journals Antibody response of sheep to simultaneous vaccine administration of foot and mouth disease, blue tongue, peste des pestits ruminants , and sheep-goat pox antigens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beyhan Sareyyüpoğlu ◽  
Veli Gülyaz ◽  
Fahriye Saraç ◽  
Serdar Uzar ◽  
Özden Kabaklı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Difference

Abstract There are many infectious animal diseases in Turkey and generally vaccination is the prime control strategy to combat them. However, it is difficult to apply all vaccines in a definite period in the field due to limitations of the labor and finance. The rapid vaccination and effective use of labor can be possible with the help of simultaneous vaccines administrations. The aim of the study is to show the effects of simultaneous foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), peste des pestits ruminants (PPR), sheep-goat pox (SGP) and bluetongue (BT) vaccine administration on the antibody response of sheep. For this aim, 30 sheep were divided in to the one experiment and 5 control groups. Blood samples collected in each group at 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (DPV). Immune response was measured with virus neutralization test (VNT), liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) for FMDV, VNT for BTV and PPR. A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response of SGP vaccine. As a result, antibody titers for each vaccine agent decreased on 60 DPV with the simultaneous vaccination. The difference between means of antibody titers with single and simultaneous vaccinations are significant especially for BTV and PPR vaccines at 60DPV (p < 0.05). It was concluded that four vaccines can not be used simultaneously in sheep.

scholarly journals The HSP70-fused foot-and-mouth disease epitope elicits cellular and humoral immunity and drives broad-spectrum protective efficacy

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyundong Jo ◽  
Bong Yoon Kim ◽  
So Hui Park ◽  
Hyun Mi Kim ◽  
Sung Ho Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Cellular And Humoral Immunity

AbstractCurrent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have significant limitations, including side effects due to oil emulsions at the vaccination site, a narrow spectrum of protective efficacy, and incomplete host defenses mediated by humoral immunity alone. To overcome these limitations, new FMD vaccines must ensure improved safety with non-oil-based adjuvants, a broad spectrum of host defenses within/between serotypes, and the simultaneous induction of cellular and humoral immunity. We designed a novel, immune-potent, recombinant protein rpHSP70-AD that induces robust cellular immunity and elicits a broad spectrum of host defenses against FMD virus (FMDV) infections. We demonstrated that an oil emulsion-free vaccine containing rpHSP70-AD mediates early, mid-term, and long-term immunity and drives potent host protection against FMDV type O and A, suggesting its potential as an FMD vaccine adjuvant in mice and pigs. These results suggest a key strategy for establishing next-generation FMD vaccines, including novel adjuvants.

scholarly journals Herd immunity drives the epidemic fadeout of avian cholera in Arctic-nesting seabirds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacintha G. B. van Dijk ◽  
Samuel A. Iverson ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist ◽  
N. Jane Harms ◽  
Holly L. Hennin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Serological Status ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Avian Cholera

AbstractAvian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is a common and important infectious disease of wild birds in North America. Between 2005 and 2012, avian cholera caused annual mortality of widely varying magnitudes in Northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) breeding at the largest colony in the Canadian Arctic, Mitivik Island, Nunavut. Although herd immunity, in which a large proportion of the population acquires immunity to the disease, has been suggested to play a role in epidemic fadeout, immunological studies exploring this hypothesis have been missing. We investigated the role of three potential drivers of fadeout of avian cholera in eiders, including immunity, prevalence of infection, and colony size. Each potential driver was examined in relation to the annual real-time reproductive number (Rt) of P. multocida, previously calculated for eiders at Mitivik Island. Each year, colony size was estimated and eiders were closely monitored, and evaluated for infection and serological status. We demonstrate that acquired immunity approximated using antibody titers to P. multocida in both sexes was likely a key driver for the epidemic fadeout. This study exemplifies the importance of herd immunity in influencing the dynamics and fadeout of epidemics in a wildlife population.

scholarly journals Altered adjuvant of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine improves immune response and protection from virus challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Eun Park ◽  
Seo-Yong Lee ◽  
Rae-Hyung Kim ◽  
Mi-Kyeong Ko ◽  
Jeong-Nam Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Foot And Mouth

scholarly journals The effect of maternally derived antibodies on the response of calves to vaccination against foot and mouth disease

1984 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Nicholls ◽  
L. Black ◽  
M. M. Rweyemamu ◽  
J. Genovese ◽  
R. Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Satisfactory Response ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYStudies were carried out in South America to assess the effect of maternally derived antibody (MDA) on the responsiveness of calves to FMD vaccination. It was found that calves with MDA did not merely fail to respond to vaccination, but that their serum titres were depressed. This depression was proportional to the level of pre-existing MDA at the time of vaccination and following primary vaccination it persisted for a least 60 days. High MDA titres interfered with both primary and secondary responses. Animals with relatively low MDA titres were able to respond to vaccination, or at least to be sensitized so that on revaccination they showed a satisfactory response. The half-life of MDA was shown to be approximately 22 days, suggesting that under field conditions significant MDA titres are likely to persist for 4–5 months. A trial carried out in Brazil in which the primary course of two inoculations, 4 weeks apart, was initiated when the calves were 5–6 months of age, resulted in the reduction of FMD in the calf population from 11% to 0·9% over a 12-month period. The use of vaccination programmes of this type to lessen the incidence of FMD in young bovines is discussed.

scholarly journals Serological response to rabies virus induced by commercial vaccines in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Post Vaccinated Adverse Effects and Efficacy in the Egyptian Population

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Marwa O. Elgendy ◽  
Ahmed O. El-Gendy ◽  
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea ◽  
Sarah Mahmoud ◽  
Saad S. Alqahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Dose Interval ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Administration Methods ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Vaccines are the solution to overcome SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to determine the post-Sinopharm vaccine safety-profile and immunity through antibody titers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from Egyptian participants who received two doses of Sinopharm vaccine. Data were divided into three parts, the first and second parts were to detect participants’ post-first and second dose symptoms and practices, and the third for the results of IgG anti spike protein antibodies test and laboratory tests. Pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, headache, fatigue, and lethargy were the most common post-vaccine symptoms for both first and second doses. Most of the participants felt mild or no symptoms after vaccination. The symptoms started mostly during the first day post-vaccination and lasted for no more than two days. Forty-nine percent of the participants resulted in positive antibodies tests on day 18 post-vaccination. The average antibody level for vaccinated participants with past SARS-CoV-2 infection was much higher than that for non-past infected participants. These vaccines’ administration methods need to be reevaluated by changing the dose, dose interval, adding a third dose, or mixing it with other vaccines with different techniques to improve their protection rates. Further studies are required to validate this finding.

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